Quiz Questions Exam 1 Flashcards
A cell that has undergone physiologic stress may adapt via which 2 mechanisms?
1) metaplasia
2) hypertrophy
Which is the term indicating an increase in the number of cells has resulted from the proliferation of differentiated cells?
hyperplasia
What is the term indicating a reversible change has occurred from one adult cell type by another adult cell type?
Metaplasia
Decreased cellular protein synthesis combined with increased protein degradation is the hallmark feature of which one of the following?
atrophy
which morphological category of necrosis requires histological examination to determine (1)?
fat necrosis
The presence of lipid vacuoles within the cytoplasm of a cell (fatty changes) are most likely to occur following which type of injury (1)?
crush injury
hypoxia
page8
which one of the following describes destructive fragmentation of the nucleus within a dying cell?
karyorrhexis
mitochondria are resistant to the deleterious effects of hypoxia: t/f?
False
Apoptosis may be stimulated by both irradiation and accumulation of improperly folded proteins: t/f?
true
phospholipases are enzymes within a cells that are most likely to be activated via which one?
influx of calcium
cellular response to an injurious stimuli depends on which 3 of the following?
1) Duration of injury
2) type of injury
3) severity of injury
reactive oxygen species are produced in all cells during their normal cellular metabolism, T/F?
true
The restoration of blood flow to an area of ischemia commonly causes damage to which 2 types of tissues?
1) cerebral neurons
2) myocardium of the heart
Caspase-8 are most likely to cleave and activate pro-aptoptotic molecules in which pathway?
the death receptor pathway
damage caused by free radicals is determined by their _______ and efficieicy of removal
rate of production
name 2 reactive oxygen species
1) superoxide
2) hydrogen peroxide
ischemia destroys tissues faster and more severely than does hypoxia T/F?
true
breakdown of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle is an example of physiologic apoptosis T/F?
true
calorie restriction inhibits the effects of aging t/f?
true
which of the following is a short repeated sequence of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes?
telomere
deposition of calcium into an injured tissue is called
dystrophic calcification
disorders causing destruction of bone (osteolysis) will cause _____
metastatic calcification
which morphological pattern of inflammation is associated with acne vulagris
purulent
which morphological pattern of inflammation is demonstrated by histological examination
inflammazome
the resolution stage of an inflammatory reaction involves enzymatic degradation of the various chemical mediators of the reaction: true/false?
true
increased vascular permeability results in exudate of protein-rich extravascular fluid: true/false?
true
focal collections of pus are called
abscesses
the most common exogenous pigment is _____
silica
the kinin system leads to the formation of _____, which increases vascular permeability
bradykinin
activation of _____ induces the activation the coagulation cascade and the complement system
hageman factor (factor XXLVII)
activation of which system generates a porelike membrane attack complex (MAC)
complement system
TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are all considered to be _______
cytokines
leukocites is a common feature of inflammatory reactions, especially those induced by a ______ infection
bacterial
pathogens stimulate ____ synthesis which stimulate the production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point
prostaglandin
which 2 of the following are involved in septic shock following a septic bacterial infection?
1) hypotensive shock
2) acidosis
once the inflammatory reaction has resolved, the body initiates the process of healing. t/f
true
cells that are capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass are components of what?
labile tissue
non-dividing cells are either in the ____ or _____ phases of the cell cycle
G0 or G1
an example of a labile cell would be a ______?
hematopoietic cell
what are two things that are commonly involved in response to an increase in growth factors?
promotion of entry into the cell cycle
prevention of apoptosis
tissues recoil and return to baseline structure, following deformation is due to what type of tissue?
elastin
which fibrous structural protein of the extracellular matrix provides structural integrity to large vessel walls and ligaments
collagen
the liver is a unique organ because it has the ability to regenerat ___% of the tissue following surgical removal?
50
does scar formation involves angiogenesis?
true
which of the following components of the extra cellular matrix act as a reservoir for growth factors?
proteoglycans (i think)
extensive regeneration or compensatory hyperplasia can occur only if the residual connective tissue framework is structurally intact?
false?
granulations tissue is vascularized. T/F
true, it is highly vascularized
growth factors that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are primarily derived from what?
macrophages
as healing continues, localized fibroblasts (increase or decrease) extracellular matrix deposition?
increase
extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix metallproteinases which are dependent on what for their activity?
zinc
as healing progresses, localized vasculature (increases or decreases)
decreases
a surgical incision that was sutured is expected to reach peak neurovascularization in how many days?
5
a wound is likely to regain approximately what percent of the original tissue strength in the first 3 months after the injury?
75%
the genetic alterations associated with neoplasia are always passed to daughter cells upon cell division. T/F?
true… i think
genomic instability and angiogenesis are both hallmarks of cancer development. T/F
true
divergent differentiation of neoplastic cells is common. T/F?
false. its common in benign
granulations tissue is vascularized. T/F
true, it is highly vascularized
growth factors that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are primarily derived from what?
macrophages
as healing continues, localized fibroblasts (increase or decrease) extracellular matrix deposition?
increase
extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix metallproteinases which are dependent on what for their activity?
zinc
as healing progresses, localized vasculature (increases or decreases)
decreases
a surgical incision that was sutured is expected to reach peak neurovascularization in how many days?
5
a wound is likely to regain approximately what percent of the original tissue strength in the first 3 months after the injury?
75%
the genetic alterations associated with neoplasia are always passed to daughter cells upon cell division. T/F?
? true?
genomic instability and angiogenesis are both hallmarks of cancer development. T/F
? true?
divergent differentiation of neoplastic cells is common. T/F?
false. benign cells have divergent differentiation
what has the greatest impact of the biological behavior of a neoplasm?
parenchyma
cancer cells are limited to undergoing approximately 60-70 replications prior to cellular senescence (death)
false. they can replicate limitlessly
what is a mixed tumor that contains cells or tissues representing more than 1 germ cell layer?
teratoma
in general, benign tumors are anaplastic and malignant tumors are well-differentiated t/f?
false benign tumors are well differentiated, malignant are anaplastic
which type of cancer is most likely to use the lymphatic system for metastasis?
carcinoma
which of the following is a mass of disorganized tissue that is similar in appearance to the tissues at the site of growth?
hamartoma
what type of cancer is more likely to use the hematogenous spread?
sarcoma
what are the 3 typses of malignant dissemination?
1) seeding
2) lymphatic spread
3) hematogenous spread
growth by an increase in cell number, opposite of hypertrophy
hyperplasia
