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Quiz Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociologists have always agreed that the most important goal of sociology is to generate social change.

A

False

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2
Q

Sociology places no importance on ethics and values during research.

A

False

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3
Q

Emile Durkheim identified the degree of social integration as the primary variable to explain different rates of suicide within different European nations

A

True

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4
Q

According to Max Weber, the sign Calvinists looked for as an indication they were saved was their successful investment in capital.

A

True

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5
Q

Dependent variables are measurements of concepts that are hypothesized to affect independent variables.

A

False

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6
Q

According to Robert Merton, ___ are the intended beneficial consequences of people’s action

A

Manifest functions

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7
Q

A hypothesis predicts a relationship between or among ____, factors that vary, or change, from one person or situation to another

A

Variables

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8
Q

Which groups of social theorists would focus most on macro-level analysis when examining patterns of society?

A

Conflict theorists and functionalists

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9
Q

How does replication improve the validity of sociological research?

A

It can indicate biases in the original work

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10
Q

Karl Marx believed that ___ was the central force for social change, while Max Weber believed that ___ was the force most responsible for social change

A

Economics, religion

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11
Q

The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ____

A

Social Darwinism

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12
Q

The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ____

A

Augusta Comte

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13
Q

Karl Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human society is ___

A

Class conflict

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14
Q

The titles Karl Marx used to describe the two classes in society were the ___ and the ___

A

bourgeoisie, proletariat

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15
Q

The sociologist who developed the concept of the power elite was

A

C. Wright Mills

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16
Q

Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money as the

A

Protestant ethic

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17
Q

The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was

A

W.E.B. Du Bois

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18
Q

The scientific method requires ___, or repeating a study in order to compare the new research results with the original findings.

A

Replication

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19
Q

Functionalists and conflict theorists tend to focus on the ___, or large scale patterns of society, in conducting their analyses

A

macro level

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20
Q

Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered an ___ and John would be seen as an ___

A

functionalist; conflict theorist

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21
Q

There is nothing “natural” about material or nonmaterial culture.

A

True

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22
Q

Belief in equality for all and male superiority is an example of a value contradiction

A

True

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23
Q

“Ideal” culture refers to how our culture actually is, whereas ‘real’ culture refers to how we wish it would be.

A

False

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24
Q

As technology allows people to produce more surplus food, culture becomes more complex

A

True

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25
Q

A group’s way of thinking, including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world, is classified as material culture

A

False

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26
Q

Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ___

A

Language creates ways of thinking and perceiving.

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27
Q

The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of ___, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of ___

A

ethnocentrism; cultural relativism

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28
Q

McDonalds sells Quarter Pounders in Tokyo, Moscow, Paris, Berlin, and practically every other major city in the world. Mickey Mouse and Fred Flinstone are among the most popular cartoon figures in Mexico. These are examples of ____

A

Cultural leveling

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29
Q

All of the following statements are accurate regarding language, EXCEPT for which one?

A

Language is universal in terms of the meaning of particular sounds

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30
Q

Sociologists use the concept of norms to describe

A

expectations or rules of behavior that develop from values

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31
Q

Which aspect of symbolic culture is the most central to allowing humans to communicate with one another?

A

language

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32
Q

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe _____

A

culture

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33
Q

Many fundamentalist Christians lobby for laws making same-sex marriage illegal. Gays and Lesbians consider same-sex relationships and same-sex marriage to be basic human rights. Which concept BEST describes the relationship between these fundamentalist Christians and the gay/lesbian community?

A

Culture war due to conflicting values

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34
Q

Sociologists have identified an emerging set of five interrelated values in American society. What are these emerging values?

A

Leisure, self fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and environmental concern

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35
Q

All of the following statements are accurate in describing gestures, EXCEPT for which one?

A

Social scientists have identified many common gestures and agree that gestures are universal.

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36
Q

If Alice came to class wearing a soiled and torn blouse, she would be violating a ____. But if Alice came to class not wearing a blouse (or any other garment), she would be violating a ___.

A

Folkway; more

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37
Q

Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honors and most citizens are not wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between ___ and ____.

A

Ideal culture, Real culture

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38
Q

The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another refers to ____.

A

Cultural diffusion

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39
Q

What is a primary reason why there are so few true countercultures in the United States?

A

Countercultures are difficult to maintain since people are so reliant on mainstream culture.

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40
Q

What term best describes one’s feelings when one first arrives in a completely different culture?

A

Culture Shock

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41
Q

Children who are raised by animals are no less human than children raised by their parents

A

False

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42
Q

Re-socialization may happen to us several times during our lives

A

True

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43
Q

The research sociologist Melvin Kohn and others demonstrates that the differences in the supervision of children are a matter of the race and ethnicity of the parents more than any other factor.

A

False

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44
Q

Feral children are often raised by animals

A

True

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45
Q

Parents are typically the first significant others to show children the gender map

A

True

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46
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the “culture within us” is represented by the ___.

A

Superego

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47
Q

Why is entering into school significant from a sociological perspective?

A

It marks the transfer of allegiance from family to peer groups

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48
Q

According to Mead’s theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings are referred to as ____

A

significant others

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49
Q

People and groups that influence our orientation to life– our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors- are called ___.

A

agents of socialization

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50
Q

How, for the most part, does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

A

It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one’s sex

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51
Q

Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?

A

Cooley’s looking-glass self

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52
Q

According to Freud, which aspect of the individual’s personality must control his or her behavior?

A

the ego

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53
Q

Mead describes the active, reative, and spontaneous part of the self as

A

I

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54
Q

In Freud’s theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?

A

The id

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55
Q

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with “childhood” and concluding with “the older years”?

A

The life course

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56
Q

In the “nature versus nurture” argument regarding socializiation, the “nurture” component refers to ___.

A

The social environment

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57
Q

Our image of how others see us is called the

A

self

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58
Q

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ____.

A

resocialization

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59
Q

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic “human” traits we take for granted?

A

Intimate early social interaciton

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60
Q

Which one of the following is probably the most influential agent of socialization?

A

Family

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61
Q

Mechanical solidarity and Gemeinschaft both describe the most intimate societies that are personal and have close kinship connections

A

True

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62
Q

As societies are able to produce bigger and bigger surpluses, inequality tends to increase.

A

True

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63
Q

Achieved statuses are always something to which we should feel great pride.

A

False

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64
Q

The difference between role and status is that we occupy a status and play a role.

A

True

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65
Q

Only very self-conscious people use status symbols.

A

False

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66
Q

Which of the following represents an achieved status?

A

being a high school dropout.

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67
Q

Mechanical solidarity is to Gemeinschaft as ___ solidarity is to Gesellschaft

A

organic

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68
Q

What must be true for division of labor to develop?

A

Basic survival needs must be met

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69
Q

Which of the following societies has the LEAST social inequality?

A

Hunting and Gathering

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70
Q

Because of his incredibly accelerated study program, Professor Zuchov has the unique privilege of being a seventeen-year old university professor. Sociologically,this is an example of ____

A

status inconsistency.

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71
Q

The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs are referred to as___

A

social institutions

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72
Q

Which sociological perspective is most closely linked to microsociology?

A

symbolic interactionism

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73
Q

Bumper stickers such as “Proud Parent of an Honor Student” and “Warning: This Driver Convicted of DUI” are best described as being

A

Status symbols

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74
Q

What term does Durkheim use to describe the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds?

A

social integration

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75
Q

The difference between status and role is that ___

A

We occupy a status that is a social position, but we play a role that is a social expectation

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76
Q

The social institution that is most recognized for allocating power, determining authority, and preventing chaos is ____

A

politics

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77
Q

Jane is a forty-nine year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common?

A

These are examples of her ascribed statuses

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78
Q

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are called ____

A

roles

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79
Q

Believing that all football players are academically challenged, that all African Americans are great athletes, and that all women can cook well are examples of ___

A

stereotyping

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80
Q

Which of the following topics would most likely be approached based on a macrosciological analysis?

A

a study of the impact of terrorism on the travel plans of business people

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81
Q

A ___ leadership style has the tendency to encourage either aggressive or apathetic behavior among group members with aggressive members growing increasingly hostile toward their leader.

A

Authoritarian

82
Q

____ are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together like a spider’s web.

A

Social networks

83
Q

Kody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan’s Slaves. Kody feels very antagonistic towards the Bloods and the Slaves. For Kody, these two rival gangs would be considered ______

A

out groups

84
Q

How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?

A

Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure

85
Q

Samantha works for an organization that is hierarchical and has a division of labor, written rules, communications, and records. This organiation’s administration treats workers impersonally. Based on these characteristics, we can conclude that Samantha works for a ____

A

bureaucracy

86
Q

The McDonaldization of society refers to ____.

A

The standardization of everyday life.

87
Q

Which sociologist is given credit for coining the concept of the “McDonaldization of Society”?

A

George Ritzer

88
Q

If a secondary group does not satisfy one’s need for intimate association, which of the following is most likely to occur?

A

The secondary group will break down into primary groups

89
Q

In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which there is only one right viewpoint and suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called ____

A

groupthink

90
Q

A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a ___

A

primary group

91
Q

With respect to group dynamics, what is the defining characteristic of a small group?

A

All members of the group can interact directly with one another.

92
Q

A leader of a group whose responsibility would be to keep the group moving towards its goal is classified as a ____ leader.

A

instrumental

93
Q

For many college professors, their own teachers served as role models. Kody Scott looked up to older gang members as his idols. In both cases, former teachers and older gang members qualify as being ____

A

reference groups

94
Q

In any group of three members, two of the three may have a tendency to alienate the third member and dominate the decision making for the group the trio represents. When this occurs, what term BEST applies to the two unified members?

A

coalition

95
Q

When the former Soviet Union collapsed, NATO forces were no longer needed to protect Europe from a communist invasion. Rather than disband NATO, it was turned into a “rapid response force” to fight terrorism. Sociologists would call this shift in focus an example of ____

A

goal displacement

96
Q

The US postal service is an example of a bureaucracy.

A

True

97
Q

As group size increases, so does the intimacy of relations among members

A

False

98
Q

Reference groups are reserved for members of professional networks and are utilized almost exclusively by people with career aspirations.

A

False

99
Q

Instrumental leaders tend to look out for group members whereas expressive leaders focus on getting a job done.

A

False

100
Q

Although larger than primary groups, secondary groups are as informal, personal, and intimate as primary groups.

A

False

101
Q

Differential association theory argues that we learn deviance by being around other people who practice it.

A

True

102
Q

The purpose of “upsetting experiments” is to see how people react when social norms are violated.

A

True

103
Q

Crime “in the suites” (white-collar crime) actually costs the American taxpayer more in terms of dollars lost than “crime in the streets”

A

True

104
Q

According to structural strain theory, deviance results from a mismatch between socially acceptable goals and the opportunity to achieve those goals

A

True

105
Q

Sociologist Erving Goffman used the term stigma to refer to characteristics that discredit people, including violations of norms of ability and violations of norms of appearance

A

True

106
Q

Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society?

A

Functionalists

107
Q

John desires the best things in life- a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?

A

An innovator

108
Q

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based mostly on

A

Patterns of inequality and who has more power.

109
Q

___ is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

A

Deviance

110
Q

The concept of the relativity of deviance is BEST illustrated by which of the following statements?

A

It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant

111
Q

The ___ theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them.

A

Structural strain

112
Q

All of the following acts qualify as white-collar crime except ___

A

a bank teller robbing the first National bank

113
Q

What is the relationship between one’s social class and one’s chances of being a victim of crime?

A

inverse

114
Q

The early sociologist who argued that deviance might be functional for society was ___

A

Emile Durkheim

115
Q

The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of ___ theory

A

labeling

116
Q

According to control theory, when are inner controls MOST effective in deterring deviant behavior?

A

In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society

117
Q

The theory of behavior in which people who associate with some groups learn an “excess of definitions” of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant is ____

A

differential association theory

118
Q

Based on Merton’s typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common?

A

They are all retreatists

119
Q

The violations of norms and rules that are written into law are officially called ___

A

crimes

120
Q

Inner and outer controls that work against our tendencies to deviate is known as what theory?

A

control theory

121
Q

According to Davis and Moore, people do not earn what they deserve.

A

False

122
Q

Class systems have social mobility, whereas caste systems do not.

A

True

123
Q

Fortunately, slavery is a thing of the past.

A

False

124
Q

According to Melvin Tumin, Davis, and Moore were wrong when they argued that stratification of income by occupation was fair and just.

A

True

125
Q

In a caste system, social stratification is based on ascribed status

A

True

126
Q

Some nations have traditionally been in poverty from one generation to the next, relying on tradition rather than experimenting with new technology that might improve their standard of living. This explanation for global stratification is called ____

A

Culture of poverty

127
Q

Great Britain was one of the first nations in which industrial capitalism developed. According to world system theory, Great Britain would be a ___ nation.

A

Core

128
Q

A system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige is referred to as ___

A

social stratification

129
Q

Of the following technologies, which does the government have the greatest difficulty controlling?

A

Internet communications and emails

130
Q

Which concept explains the rise of global stratification as including core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas?

A

World system theory

131
Q

Social mobility refers to

A

Changing class

132
Q

Based on the global stratification model, nations of the former Soviet Union and its former satellites in Eastern Europe are classified as

A

The Industrializing Nations

133
Q

Which two theorists concluded that the universality of stratification can be explained by the necessity to motivate the most qualified people to fill the most important and demanding positions in a society?

A

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore

134
Q

What was the purpose of colonialism as it was practiced by the major European powers during eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries?

A

To exploit the annexed nation’s people and resources

135
Q

What term would Karl Marx use for today’s workers who mistakenly identify with the capitalists simply because they own a few shares of stock or work as managers of large corporations?

A

False class consciousness

136
Q

What is the significan difference between the class system and the systems of slavery and caste?

A

the class system has fluid boundaries

137
Q

The sociologist who believed that social class is made up of 3 components– property, power, and prestige– was ___

A

Max Weber

138
Q

One of the effective methods of control employed during the rule of monarchies was the divine right of kings. This was a method of maintaining stratification that falls under the general category of ___

A

controlling ideas

139
Q

In every society, from the hunting and gathering society to the postindustrial society, the MOST common basis for social stratification has been ____

A

Gender

140
Q

If a person was living during Karl Marx’s lifetime and worked at the Smittertown ironworks, Marx would consider that person a member of the

A

Proletariat

141
Q

Changes in society that cause large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder, which causes one class to increase while others decrease, are called ___ mobility

A

Structural

142
Q

What was the term C. Wright Mills used to refer to those who make the big decisions in American society?

A

The power elite

143
Q

What did the research by Kohn suggest as being the primary influence upon parents that emphasized how they reared their children?

A

The parents’ occupations

144
Q

What is the upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next?

A

Intergenerational mobility

145
Q

Phil, a janitor for an expensive apartment-house complex in Chicago, is a union janitor who makes quite a bit more money than many of the tenants in the building he maintains. Lenski would note that Phil’s high income but low occupational prestige demonstrates a condition of ___

A

Status inconsistency

146
Q

Which of the following individuals would have the narrowest field of “elligible” marriage partners based on background expectations?

A

Christian, the son of a CEO of a major corporation

147
Q

What is the relationship between one;s social class and one;s chances of being a victim of crime?

A

Inverse

148
Q

To determine the poverty line, the US government calculates a low-cost food budget for a family of a specific size, then subjects that number to which modification?

A

It multiplies the food budget by three

149
Q

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate with respect to determining social prestige in modern society?

A

One’s occupational title is the greatest influence in determining social prestige

150
Q

What are the three variables Max Weber identified as defining social class?

A

Property, power, prestige

151
Q

Numerically, what is the race of the majority of the poor in the United States?

A

White

152
Q

When used by sociologists, the term “wealth” refers to ___

A

The value of a person’s property minus that person’s debt

153
Q

John worked at a steel mill for 25 years. A recessionary economy and competition with foreign steelmakers forced the closing of the mill. At the age of 45 John is unable to find work in his town, lives in poverty, and must go on welfare. What is the MOST likely cause of John’s poverty?

A

Changes in the social structure are the most likely cause

154
Q

Theorists who suggest that the purpose of the welfare system is to maintain a “reserve labor force” is MOST aligned with the ___ perspective.

A

Conflict

155
Q

Status inconsistency is common for winners of multimillion-dollar lotteries, especially when the status of their new wealth exceeds the status of their education and occupation

A

True

156
Q

Wealth and income are interchangeable terms, each meaning the same in reference to social class

A

False

157
Q

Status inconsistency occurs when people occupy two statuses are not expected to go together

A

True

158
Q

The more years of schooling you complete, the longer you can expect to live.

A

True

159
Q

What political party are members of the upper class more likely to belong?

A

Republican

160
Q

The working poor have a high probability of being upwardly mobile

A

False

161
Q

The systemic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their presumed race or ethnicity is called

A

Genocide

162
Q

In society which group has the greatest power, privileges, and social status?

A

The dominant group

163
Q

As described in the text, what are two myths of race?

A

One race is superior to another, pure races exist

164
Q

Which statement is most accurate regarding the meaning of race?

A

Race varies, depending upon the society in which its meaning is constructed

165
Q

The massacre of Native Americans in the 1800s, the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany, and the slaughter of the Tutsis in Rwanda are all examples of ___

A

genocide

166
Q

To understand the comparative conditions of Latinos, one must look at people’s ___

A

Countries of origin

167
Q

The relocation of Native Americans to reservations and the transfer of Americans of Japanese descent to internment camps during WWII are examples of

A

Direct transfer

168
Q

How did the 2010 US Census instruct Americans to classify themselves in relation to race?

A

Respondents can choose one or more races that they consider themselves to be.

169
Q

What is the term used to describe an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group, such as all Asian Americans being brilliant or all African Americans being great athletes?

A

Positive prejudice

170
Q

According to Adorno, a __ is a person who is prejudiced, has deep respect for authority, and is submissive to authority figures.

A

Authoritarian personality

171
Q

Of all ethnic groups, in which group are children most likely to grow up with two parents and least likely to be born to a single mother?

A

Asian American

172
Q

Switzerland is made up of four separate ethnic groups that have kept their own languages but are peacefully united politically and economically. This pattern of intergroup relations is an example of ___

A

multiculturalism

173
Q

Pedro, a legal immigrant from Mexico, and George, a white male whose family has been in America for several generations, have each applied for a car loan at the local bank. Pedro’s loan was turned down while George was granted a loan. In comparing their credit history, both men had good credit and their debt and income were comparable. This is an example of ___ against Pedro.

A

Institutional discrimination

174
Q

What is the largest minority group in the United States today?

A

Latino American

175
Q

What term did Louis Wirth use to define groups of people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

A

minority group

176
Q

Race is important primarily because of the physical differences between the races

A

False

177
Q

Minority groups are smaller in number than dominant groups

A

False

178
Q

Prejudice is an action, discrimination is an attitude.

A

False

179
Q

The way in which race is determined is a universal cultural constant

A

False

180
Q

Because the term “Latino” refers to an ethnic group, Latinos may identify themselves as being black, white, or Native American

A

True

181
Q

What does it mean when sociologists say that age is “socially constructed”?

A

Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society.

182
Q

Which sociological perspective is MOST closely aligned with the explanation that Social Security benefits came about as the result of a struggle between competing interest groups?

A

The conflict perspective

183
Q

Sociologically, why is gender especially significant?

A

It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life.

184
Q

In what society were women and men often considered social equals?

A

hunting and gathering

185
Q

How have television advertisements and other forms of cultural media typically portrayed the elderly?

A

As unimportant and stereotyped

186
Q

While the notion of gender refers to sociological characteristics, the concept of sex refers to ___ characteristics

A

biological

187
Q

What classification or terminology do sociologists apply to women that describe their inability to gain equal access to power, property, and prestige?

A

minority group

188
Q

What sociological perspective stresses that age has no inherent meaning and that each culture shapes the way that its citizens perceive the elderly?

A

symbolic interactionism

189
Q

Why do sociologists classify females as a minority group?

A

There is not a single society known where women-as-a-group have decision making power over men

190
Q

When many students graduate from college, they are able to earn an extra $1465 a month between the ages of 25 and 65. These students manage to earn this bonus by ___

A

being born male

191
Q

Which statement is LEAST accurate regarding sex and gender?

A

The terms sex and gender are sociologically and biologically interchangeable.

192
Q

In Pakistan, Jordan, and Kurdistan, a woman who has brought disgrace to her family is killed by a male relative, usually her brother or husband. This practice is called ____

A

honor killing

193
Q

Agatha has worked for ten years in the public relations department of a large firm. She has been promoted to several higher paying managerial positions, but never to an executive position, even though she has directed several successful projects for the firm. Her lack of promotion MOST likely illustrates

A

The glass ceiling

194
Q

What is the term for gender discrimination against women who miss the work experience while they care for children at home

A

The child penalty

195
Q

Because the first of the baby boom generation has now turned sixty, we are likely to see a shift to more positive images of the elderly. What is the major reason for this?

A

Their vast numbers translate into economic clout and political power

196
Q

Sex means how we are socialized whereas gender means how we differ physically.

A

false

197
Q

The number of members in an age cohort determines the size of a baby boom or a baby bust.

A

True

198
Q

In hunting and gathering as well as horticultural societies, women contributed the majority of the food supply to their groups

A

True

199
Q

The major theories on the origin of patriarchy point to the social consequences of human reproduction

A

True

200
Q

Patriarchy is becoming a thing of the past

A

False

SOC 101 (2 decks)

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