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BMS 420 Exam #3 > Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Quiz Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary structures receive blood from the:

A

systemic circulation.

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2
Q

Pulmonary blood flow is ___________ systemic blood flow.

A

equal to.

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3
Q

The parallel arrangement of the pulmonary capillary beds results in (select all correct answers):
1. Blood flow is described as sheet flow.
2. A low pulmonary vascular resistance.
3. A high blood velocity through the network.
4. A low pulmonary blood flow.

A
  1. Blood flow is described as sheet flow.
  2. Low pulmonary vascular resistance.
  3. A low pulmonary blood flow.
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4
Q

The functional unit of the respiratory system is/are the:

A

Alveoli.

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5
Q

As air is brought into the respiratory system, it is conditioned. This process includes:

A
  1. Humidification.
  2. Filtration.
  3. Warming.
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6
Q

Gas exchange takes place in the ___________

A

Respiratory zone.

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7
Q

In the lungs, the movement of gases occurs:

  1. Due to active transport across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
  2. Due to diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
  3. Due to a combination of active and passive transport across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
A
  1. Due to diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
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8
Q

Under normal conditions, during ventilation oxygen moves ______ the lungs while carbon dioxide moves ______ the lungs.

A
  1. Into.
  2. Out of
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9
Q

The primary muscles of respiration are the:

A

Diaphragm.

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10
Q

The respiratory system demonstrates dichotomous branching, meaning that a single airway branches into 2 airways. Each branch point is termed a generation. On average, the transitional and respiratory zones extend from generation _______ to generation _______

A
  2. 23.
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11
Q

The cyclic process of bringing fresh air into the alveoli and exhaling an approximately equal volume of pulmonary air is called

A

Respiration.

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12
Q

Under normal conditions, inspiration is a/an ________ process, while expiration is a/an _________ process.

A
  1. Active.
  2. Passive.
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13
Q

Due to the structure of the tissues, the lungs have a tendency to recoil _________, while the chest wall tends to recoil ___________.

A
  1. Inward.
  2. Outward.
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14
Q

In a normal, healthy individual, intrapleural pressure:
1. is always positive.
2. is negative during inspiration and
positive during expiration.
3. is always negative.
4. is positive during expiration and
negative during inspiration.

A
  1. Is always negative.
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15
Q

During inspiration, air flows into the alveoli until:

A

alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure.

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16
Q

Which of the following statements is true during inspiration?
1. Alveolar pressure is higher than
atmospheric pressure.
2. Intrapleural pressure is less negative
than it is during expiration.
3. Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric
pressure.
4. Intrapleural pressure is more negative
than it is during expiration.

A
  1. Intrapleural pressure is more negative than it is during expiration.
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17
Q

At rest, when all respiratory muscles are relaxed, the lungs are at:

A

Functional residual capacity

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18
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the composition of expired air is correct?
1. The percentage of N2 and O2 are both
decreased compared to inspired air.
2. The percentage of N2 and CO2 are both
increased compared to inspired air.
3. The percentage of O2 and CO2 are both
increased compared to inspired air.
4. The percentage of O2 is decreased,
while the percentage of CO2 is
increased compared to inspired air.

A
  1. The percentage of O2 is decreased, while the percentage of CO2 is increased compared to inspired air.
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19
Q

In a normal, healthy individual breathing air, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (PAO2) is determined by:

A

The alveolar gas equation

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20
Q

During expiration, the composition of the first ~150 ml of air to leave the upper respiratory tract:
1. is identical to the composition of
alveolar air.
2. contains a higher percentage of carbon
dioxide than alveolar air.
3. is identical to the composition of
atmospheric air.
4. contains a higher percentage of carbon
dioxide than atmospheric air.

A
  1. Is identical to the composition of atmospheric air.
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21
Q

Movement of air in the upper airways occurs due to:
1. active expiration.
2. diffusion.
3. passive inspiration.
4. the pressure difference between the
atmosphere and airways.

A
  1. The pressure difference between the atmosphere and airways.
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22
Q

Airway resistance to air moving through the respiratory system decreases from the bronchioles down to the alveoli due to:
1. the conditioning of the air.
2. the increase in the cross-sectional area
of the airways.
3. the decrease in velocity of the air
moving through the airways.
4. the increase in the size of the individual
airways.

A
  1. The increase in cross-sectional area of the airways.
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23
Q

n disease states, when pulmonary tissue is lost, airway resistance can increase due to:

A

loss of traction on the airways.

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24
Q

Dynamic compression of airways:
1. Occurs during deep inspiration.
2. can occur during forced expiration.
3. when alveolar pressure becomes
positive.
4. when intrapleural pressure becomes
more negative.

A
  1. Can occur during forced expiration.
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25
Q

When considering neural control of airway diameter, the most important regulator is:
1. parasympathetic nervous system input.
2. somatic nervous system input.
3. sympathetic nervous system input.

A
  1. Parasympathetic nervous system input.
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26
Q

Under normal control, parasympathetic input leads to _____________, while input from the non-cholinergic parasympathetic nerves results in _________________.

A
  1. Bronchoconstriction.
  2. Bronchodilation.
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27
Q

Circulating epinephrine leads to ___________________ by acting through _______________ receptors.

A
  1. Bronchodilation.
  2. Beta 2.
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28
Q

Direct stimulation of respiratory epithelium in the upper airways results in a reflex ________________ through activation of the ____________________ nervous system.

A
  1. Bronchoconstriction.
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system.
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29
Q

In general, activation of local cellular responses results in (select all correct answers):
1.bronchodilation.
2. bronchoconstriction.
3. more problems in individuals suffering
from airway diseases.
4. an increase in breathing rate.

A
  1. Bronchoconstriction.
  2. More problems in individuals suffering from airway diseases.
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30
Q

True laminar airflow only occurs
in the transitional airways between the:
1. Conducting Zone and the Respiratory
Zone.
2. in the large diameter airways of the
upper Conducting Zone.
3. in the small airways where air velocity is
fastest.
4. in the small airways where air velocity is
slowest.

A
  1. In the small airways where air velocity is slowest.
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31
Q

Surfactant reduces the potential for alveolar collapse by:

A

Making alveolar surface tension variable between different-sized alveoli.

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32
Q

Alveolar interdependence reduces the potential for alveolar collapse by:

A

Countering the elastic recoil of individual alveoli.

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33
Q

In a normal, air-filled lung, the largest component of elastic work of breathing is associated with overcoming:

  1. alveolar surface tension.
  2. the recoil of the chest wall.
  3. alveolar elastic recoil.
  4. the friction of moving air through the
    airways.
A
  1. Alveolar surface tension.
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34
Q

Without surfactant, lung compliance would be:

A

Decreased compared to normal.

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35
Q

Atelectasis:

A

Alveolar collapse.

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36
Q

In normal inspiration, the alveoli closest to the intrapleural space are pulled open as the lung volume increases. As they expand, they pull on the adjacent alveoli and help to open them. This pattern of breathing is know as:

A

Negative pressure breathing.

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37
Q

Acceleration atelectasis can occur as the result of (select all correct answers):

  1. positive pressure breathing
    compressing alveoli.
  2. loss of consciousness.
  3. negative pressure breathing.
  4. breathing high concentrations (i.e.
    100%) oxygen.
  5. compression of alveoli due to increased
    G forces acting on the lungs.
A
  1. Positive pressure breathing compressing alveoli.
  2. Breathing high concentrations of oxygen.
  3. Compression of alveoli due to increased G forces acting on the lungs.
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38
Q

The primary component of surfactant is:

A

Phospholipids.

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39
Q

The large airways receive blood flow from the ____________ circulation, which is a part of the larger ____________ circulation.

A
  1. Bronchial.
  2. Systemic.
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40
Q

The majority of the bronchial blood returns to the heart via the ___________ veins, which contributes to a/an __________ in the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood.

A
  1. Pulmonary veins.
  2. Decrease.
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41
Q

Blood flow through the pulmonary circulation is _________ the blood flow through the systemic circulation.

A

equal to

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42
Q

Which of the following characteristics describe the pulmonary circulation (select all correct answers)

  1. pulmonary capillaries are smaller in
    diameter than the red blood cells
  2. pulmonary arterioles contain a large
    amount of smooth muscle and serve to
    regulate pulmonary vascular resistance
  3. pulmonary vessels are more distensible
    than systemic vessels
  4. pulmonary vascular smooth muscle
    responds primarily to sympathetic
    nervous system innervation to regulate
    pulmonary vascular resistance
A
  1. Pulmonary capillaries are smaller in diameter than the red blood cells.
  2. Pulmonary vessels are more distensible than systemic vessels.
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43
Q

During a deep inspiration, pulmonary vascular resistance __________ through the alveolar vessels.

A

increases.

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44
Q

A large increase in pulmonary blood flow does not necessarily result in a large increase in mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure due to:

A
  1. Recruitment of pulmonary capillaries.
  2. Distention of of pulmonary capillaries.
  3. High pulmonary artery compliance.
  4. Large number of parallel pathways.
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45
Q

When considering the theoretical distribution of blood flow in the lung, in Zone 1 when alveolar pressure exceeds pulmonary artery pressure -

A
  1. un-perfused alveoli that are ventilated are known as alveolar dead space.
  2. The composition of the air in the unperfused alveoli approximates atmospheric air that has been conditioned.
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46
Q

An increase in cardiac output, such as when exercising, will result in which of the following:

  1. decreased pulmonary vascular resistance.
  2. Increased pulmonary arterial pressure.
  3. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to increased blood flow.
  4. Decreased blood flow through the pulmonary circulation.
A
  1. decreased pulmonary vascular resistance - due to recruitment and distension.
  2. Increased pulmonary arterial pressure - due to increased blood flow/volume in the pulmonary vessels.
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47
Q

When a person moves from a standing position to a supine (i.e. laying down) position:

  1. pulmonary blood flow to all regions of
    the lungs becomes more uniform.
  2. there is an increase in alveolar dead
    space ventilation (i.e. Zone 1).
  3. there is no change in pulmonary blood
    flow between the 2 positions.
  4. ventilation becomes less uniform
    throughout the lung.
A
  1. Pulmonary blood flow to all regions of the lungs becomes more uniform.
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48
Q

In hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, a low partial pressure of oxygen leads to pulmonary vascular smooth muscle constriction due to:

A

closing of K+ channels that results in a decrease (i.e., more positive) in membrane potential and lead to the opening of Ca2+ channels.

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49
Q

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is a mechanism intended to:

A

match pulmonary perfusion with alveolar ventilation.

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50
Q

Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction leads to which of the following (select all correct answers):

  1. pulmonary edema
  2. increased pulmonary vascular
    resistance
  3. right ventricular hypertrophy
  4. left ventricular hypertrophy
  5. systemic hypertension
A
  1. Pulmonary edema.
  2. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
  3. Right ventricular hypertrophy.
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51
Q

In unventilated but perfused alveoli, the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PACO2) will eventually:

A

equal the mixed venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide PvCO2

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52
Q

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction results in:

A

an alveolar - arterial PO2 difference closer to what is seen in a healthy, unaffected individual.

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53
Q

The partial pressure of a gas in the blood:

  1. is determined by the amount of gas
    bound to another compound (i.e. to
    hemoglobin).
  2. is determined by the total content of
    gas carried in the blood.
  3. is determined by the gas dissolved in
    plasma.
  4. is determined by the size of the gas
    molecule.
A
  1. Is determined by the gas dissolved in the plasma.
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54
Q

The movement of gases between the blood and tissues is via:

A

Passive diffusion only.

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55
Q

In a normal, healthy individual at rest, equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues occurs ___________ of the capillary, and under normal conditions occurs in ________.

A
  1. within the first third.
  2. Approximately 0.25 seconds.
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56
Q

If equilibrium between the alveolar compartment and the end-capillary blood leaving the pulmonary exchange region is not reached, the gas is said to be:

A

diffusion-limited.

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57
Q

Under normal conditions, the only way to increase the amount of oxygen leaving the pulmonary circulation is to:

A

Increase cardiac output.

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58
Q

A decreased a-v difference indicates a condition known as:

A

Histotoxic hypoxia.

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59
Q

The movement of gases across the capillary-tissue membrane represents which phase of respiration?

A

Internal diffusion.

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60
Q

Under normal conditions, which of the following relationships is correct?

  1. PAO2 > PaO2
  2. PAO2 < PaO2
  3. PAO2 = PaO2
  4. PtO2 > PvO2
A

PAO2 = PaO2

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61
Q

In an individual with pulmonary disease, what is the only way to increase the diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar-capillary membrane is to:

A

Put them on supplemental oxygen.

62
Q

True or false: Elite athletes run the risk of decreasing the amount of oxygen carried in their arterial blood due to an increase in cardiac output that moves the blood through the pulmonary circulation at a rate faster than equilibrium can occur.

A

false.

63
Q

The amount of oxygen carried bound to hemoglobin is known as the:

A

Hemoglobin saturation.

64
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is determined by:

A

The oxygen dissolved in the plasma.

65
Q

To meet the metabolic demands of the tissues, oxygen _____________ must equal (or exceed) oxygen __________.

A
  1. delivery.
  2. consumption.
66
Q

In an individual suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning, (select all correct answers):

  1. the amount of oxygen bound to
    hemoglobin is decreased compared to
    normal.
  2. the amount of dissolved oxygen is
    higher than normal.
  3. the amount of dissolved oxygen is less
    than normal.
  4. the total oxygen content of the blood is
    decreased compared to normal.
A
  1. The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is decreased compared to normal.
  2. The total oxygen content of the blood is decreased compared to normal.
67
Q

When the iron atom in the center of the hemoglobin molecule has been oxidized, it is referred to as:

A

methemoglobin

68
Q

In an individual suffering from anemia, which of the following are true?

  1. there is less dissolved oxygen in their
    plasma than normal.
  2. they have a lower red blood cell
    concentration than normal.
  3. they have a lower hemoglobin
    concentration compared to normal.
  4. the total oxygen content in their plasma
    is normal.
A
  1. They have a lower red blood cell concentration than normal.
  2. They have a lower hemoglobin concentration compared to normal.
69
Q

The steep portion of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve:

A

allows large amounts of oxygen to be released for small changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.

70
Q

The hemoglobin oxygen carrying capacity (i.e., how much O2 is carried in the bound state) is determined by:

A
  1. The hemoglobin concentration in the blood.
  2. The hemoglobin saturation.
  3. The oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin.
71
Q

Hemoglobin saturation is primarily influenced/determined by:

A

The partial pressure of O2 in the blood.

72
Q

If an individual’s hematocrit increases, which of the following would occur?

  1. the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma will increase.
  2. the amount of oxygen carried bound to hemoglobin will increase.
  3. the total oxygen content will increase.
  4. the hemoglobin saturation will increase.
A
  1. The amount of oxygen carried bound to hemoglobin will increase.
  2. The total oxygen content will increase.
73
Q

The first movement of oxygen from the blood into the tissues:

A

is due to the movement of oxygen dissolved in the plasma across the capillary-tissue membrane.

74
Q

The mechanism responsible for maintaining charge neutrality inside the red blood cells is the:

A

The chloride shift.

75
Q

The amount of oxygen extracted by the tissues can be estimated by:

A

determining the hemoglobin saturation difference between arterial blood and mixed venous blood.

76
Q

Using the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to determine oxygen extraction is only an estimate because:

A

because it does not account for dissolved oxygen use.

77
Q

You are looking at an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and trying to decide if it is normal, left-shifted, or right-shifted. What should you be looking at in order to make the final determination?

A

P-50

78
Q

A decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will result in _________ shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve.

A

a left

79
Q

The “normal”, or baseline, oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve refers to the transportation of blood in the ___________ compartment.

A

arterial.

80
Q

A right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve favors oxygen ___________ at the tissues.

A

unloading.

81
Q

The ratio of the amount of oxygen consumed by the tissues to the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues is known as

A

the oxygen extraction ratio.

82
Q

The amount of carbon dioxide that can be carried dissolved in plasma is determined by

A

Henry’s law.

83
Q

The most common form of carbamino compound is:

A

carbaminohemoglobin.

84
Q

Carbon dioxide binding to hemoglobin facilitates the release of oxygen. This is known as the:

A

Bohr effect.

85
Q

The formation of carbonic acid is enhanced by the presence of _____________ found __________.

A
  1. Carbonic anhydrase.
  2. Inside the red blood cells.
86
Q

______________ hemoglobin is capable of binding more carbon dioxide than ____________ hemoglobin.

A
  1. Deoxygenated.
  2. Oxygenated.
87
Q

The total volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute is known as:

A

minute ventilation.

88
Q

The volume of fresh air that enters the alveoli and participates in gas exchange per minute is known as:

A

Alveolar ventilation.

89
Q

If carbon dioxide production is held constant, an increase in alveolar ventilation will result in _________ in the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

A

a decrease.

90
Q

If carbon dioxide production is held constant, an increase in alveolar ventilation will result in _________ in the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen.

A

an increase.

91
Q

In a normal, healthy individual, if the production of carbon dioxide increases (such as occurs during exercise), the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide will _________ due to ______________.

A
  1. Remain the same.
  2. An increase in alveolar ventilation.
92
Q

When calculating alveolar ventilation, which of the following must be considered?

  1. alveolar dead space
  2. tidal volume
  3. breathing rate
  4. total lung capacity
  5. anatomic dead space
  6. barometric pressure
A
  1. Alveolar dead space.
  2. Tidal volume.
  3. Breathing rate.
  4. Anatomic dead space.
93
Q

Alveolar dead space can be present in the lung when alveoli are _____________ but _____________.

A
  1. Ventilated.
  2. Not perfused.
94
Q

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction can lead to __________ in alveolar dead space.

A

an increase.

95
Q

An increase in anatomic dead space can lead to ___________ in the work of breathing due to ________ in the ____________ component of work.

A
  1. An increase.
  2. An increase.
  3. Resistive.
96
Q

The PaO2 and PaCO2 values represent:

A

Whole lung averages.

97
Q

When an alveolus is perfused but not ventilated, this condition is referred to as:

A

A pulmonary shunt.

98
Q

When an alveolus is ventilated but not perfused, this condition is referred to as:

A

alveolar dead space.

99
Q

When the V/Q ratio = infinity, the composition of the air (i.e. the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the alveolus is the same as:

  1. Humidified atmospheric air.
  2. The normal alveolar composition. 3. Atmospheric air.
  3. Mixed venous blood.
A
  1. Humidified atmospheric air.
100
Q

True or false: A V/Q ratio = 1 means that overall lung function is normal.

A

FALSE

101
Q

A patient’s arterial blood gas values are reported as PaO2 = 110 mmHg and PaCO2 = 30 mmHg. Based on these values, you can determine that the patient’s overall V/Q ratio is:

A

Greater than 1. Ventilation is high, but perfusion is low.

102
Q

A patient’s arterial blood gas values are reported as PaO2 = 40 mmHg and PaCO2 = 45 mmHg. Based on these values, you can determine that the patient’s overall V/Q ratio is

A

Less than 1. Ventilation is low, but perfusion is high.

103
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Thermoregulation
Metabolism of bioactive substances
Gas Exchange
Immunologic / Defense

104
Q

Which gas law is responsible for the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

A

Boyles law.

105
Q

Primary muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm.

106
Q

If you have a respiratory infection that leads to fluid in the alveoli, which phase of respiration is directly impacted?

A

External diffusion.

107
Q

What happens to the Total Lung Capacity if the lungs/chest wall become less compliant?

A

It decreases.

108
Q

During inspiration, compliance of the lungs decreases in part due to the?

  1. Contraction of airway smooth muscles
  2. Limit of elastin fibers to stretch reached
  3. Lungs filling the air
A
  1. Limit of elastin fibers to stretch is reached.
109
Q

The role of surfactant is to:

A

Reduce surface tension to reduce the risk of alveolar collapse.

110
Q

The blood flow to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation:

  1. Changes in response to exercise.
  2. Participates in gas exchange.
  3. Equals blood flow in the systemic circulation
A

All of the above.

111
Q

Local mechanism(s) for regulating mean pulmonary artery pressure include:

A
  1. Recruitment of pulmonary capillaries.
  2. Distention of pulmonary capillaries.
112
Q

Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction occurs:
1. In over-ventilated regions of the lung
2. In under-perfused regions of the lung
3. In over-perfused regions of the lung
4. In under-ventilated regions of the lung

A
  1. In under-ventilated regions of the lung.
113
Q

In an individual suffering from histotoxic hypoxia,

  1. The PO2 a-v difference would be the
    same as a healthy individual.
  2. The PO2 a-v difference would be
    decreased compared to a healthy
    individual.
  3. The PO2 a-v difference would be
    increased compared to a healthy
    individual.
A
  1. The PO2 a-v difference would be decreased compared to a healthy individual.
114
Q

At Sea Level, in a healthy individual, what effect does breathing 100% O2 have on oxygen transport?

A

It increases the amount of O2 carried dissolved in the plasma.

115
Q

Acclimatization to high altitude includes an increase in hematocrit. This is beneficial because:

A

It increases oxygen content.

116
Q

Which of the following conditions will result in a left shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve?

Increased temperature
Increased [H+]
Decreased PCO2
Increased [2,3-BPG]

A
  1. Decreased PCO2.

Left shift = decreased PCO2, decreased BPG, decreased temp, increased pH (aka decrease H+ concentration.)

117
Q

Carbon dioxide is carried primarily in the form of:

A

Bicarbonate.

118
Q

Percent saturation is the:

A

The number of possible O2 binding sites on hemoglobin that are filled.

119
Q

Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused are known as:

A

Alveolar dead space.

120
Q

You improvise a snorkel from a piece of tubing that is 4 feet long and 3 inches in diameter. After breathing through it for a short time, you notice your ventilatory rate:

A

Has increased due to increased PACO2

121
Q

What happens to the whole lung average if all ventilation went to the left lung and all perfusion went to the right lung?

  1. V/Q > 1, greater gas exchange in left
    lung
  2. V/Q < 1, greater gas exchange in right
    lung
  3. V/Q = 1, but no gas exchange occurs
A
  1. V/Q = 1, but no gas exchange occurs.
122
Q

Large airborne particles are filtered by the:

A

Nasal hairs.

123
Q

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the:

A

Upper respiratory tract.

124
Q

During inspiration:

  1. The rate of airflow is greatest at end-
    inspiration.
  2. Intrapleural pressure is lowest at mid-
    inspiration.
  3. Intrapulmonary pressure (i.e., alveolar
    pressure) is lowest around mid-
    inspiration.
A
  1. Intrapulmonary pressure is lowest around mid-inspiration.
125
Q

Which of the following statements concerning terminal bronchioles is true?

  1. They participate in gas exchange.
  2. They contain cartilage plates in their walls.
  3. They are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
A
  1. They are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
126
Q

Which muscle is most responsible for forced expiration?

A

Rectus abdominis.

127
Q

Which of the following statements concerning respiratory bronchioles is true?

  1. They are included in the conducting
    portion of the respiratory system.
  2. No gas exchange takes place in them.
  3. They contain goblet cells in their lining
    epithelium.
  4. They have alveoli forming part of their
    walls.
A
  1. They Have alveoli forming part of their walls.
128
Q

When is Intrapleural pressure is more negative than it is during expiration.

A

During inspiration.

129
Q

Which of the following describes the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal expiration?

A

Residual volume.

130
Q

True or false: When breathing through a snorkel, you are effectively decreasing your dead space.

A

FALSE.

131
Q

In a classical physiology experiment, the lungs were removed from a cadaver and Pressure-Volume (PV) curves were constructed. When the lungs were filled with saline, the PV curves for inflation and deflation were well-aligned and required minimal pressure. However, when the lungs were filled with air, the PV curves for inflation and deflation were shifted to the right, indicating that more pressure is required for a given volume change) and a clear hysteresis loop was observed. Which of the following characteristics of the lung contributes to the saline shift and hysteresis?

A

Lung inflation of collapsed alveoli requires more pressure to change the initial volume, while this is not observed during deflation.

132
Q

The purpose of the surfactant treatment is to:

A

Help prevent alveolar collapse during breathing.

133
Q

Pulmonary surfactant is a phospholipid secretion produced by alveolar cells to:

A

Reduce the cohesive nature of H2O molecules and lower surface tension.

134
Q

True or false: Surfactant is synthesized by alveolar type II epithelial cells; damage to these cells in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can lead to increased alveolar collapse.

A

True.

135
Q

which organ does hypoxia cause vasoconstriction?

A

Lungs.

136
Q

During exercise, the cardiac output can increase five-fold, but the pulmonary artery pressure may not even double. This occurs because:

  1. Unperfused pulmonary capillaries are
    recruited during exercise
  2. Pulmonary vascular resistance
    decreases during exercise
  3. Factors that dilate the pulmonary
    arteries are released by the
    endothelium during exercise
  4. Previously perfused pulmonary
    capillaries are distended during exercise
A

All of the above.

137
Q

Which circulation has a bronchial arterial pressure of the same magnitude as the pulmonary arterial pressure?

A

The bronchial circulation.

138
Q

Which of the following will decrease the rate of oxygen transfer between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood?

  1. Destruction of alveolar septa and
    pulmonary capillaries by a disease
    known as alveolar emphysema
  2. Perfusing previously un-perfused
    pulmonary capillaries
  3. Decreasing the mixed venous oxygen
    tension from 40 to 10 mmHg
  4. Increasing PAO2 from 100 to 500 mmHg
A
  1. Destruction of alveolar septa and pulmonary capillaries by a disease know as alveolar emphysema.
139
Q

uring exercise, recruitment of muscle capillaries that are un-perfused in the resting animal results in all of the following except:

  1. An increase in the surface area for gas
    diffusion between tissues and blood
  2. A shorter distance for gas diffusion
  3. An increase in the velocity of capillary
    blood flow
  4. A decrease in distance between tissue
    capillaries
  5. Maintenance of tissue PO2 in the
    presence of increased demand for
    oxygen
A

An increase in the velocity of capillary blood flow.

140
Q

A couple in Colorado was keeping warm in the winter with their wood stove. They left the stove unattended throughout the night. In the morning, the couple arose and complained to each other about dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and headache. At that time, they noticed a small crack in the venting system of their stove and call 911 to report possible carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. They removed themselves from the house and after several hours of breathing normal air their symptoms were gone. How did the CO affect O2 transport in their blood?

A

CO outcompetes O2 for binding to hemoglobin, resulting in hypemic (anemic) hypoxia.

141
Q

Which of the following is true about carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?

  1. CO has an affinity for hemoglobin that
    is more than 200 times greater than the
    O2 affinity for hemoglobin.
  2. CO is a yellowish gas with a distinctive
    smell of cut grass.
  3. CO poisoning is dangerous because
    there are no symptoms associated with
    it.
  4. The best treatment for CO poisoning is
    penicillin.
A
  1. CO has an affinity for hemoglobin that is more than 200 times greater than the O2 affinity for hemoglobin.
142
Q

Which of the following ranges of hemoglobin O2 saturation represent the normal resting conditions going from systemic venous blood to systemic arterial blood?

  1. 40% to 95%
  2. 25% to 75%
  3. 75% to 98%
  4. 60% to 98%
  5. 40% to 75%
A
  1. 75% to 98%.
143
Q

Carbon monoxide is an odorless and colorless gas that is a by-product of incomplete combustion and accounts for a significant number of suicides and accidental poisonings. Carbon monoxide exerts is toxic effects by:

A

Reducing the ability of oxyhemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the tissues.

144
Q

In the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs, what happens to CO2?

A

Conversion of CO2 and H2O into H+ and bicarbonate HCO3-

145
Q

The pH of venous blood is only slightly more acidic than the pH of arterial blood because:

A

The H+ generated from CO2 and H2O is buffered by HCO3- in the venous blood.

146
Q

Decreasing the alveolar ventilation rate without changing metabolism in a healthy individual will:

  1. Decrease the partial pressure of O2 in
    the alveoli
  2. Increase the partial pressure of CO2 in
    the alveoli
  3. Decrease the rate of CO2 diffusion from
    the blood into the alveoli
  4. Decrease the rate of O2 diffusion from
    the alveoli to the blood
A

All of the above.

147
Q

A young man is struck in the chest area during a game of pickup basketball. He shows immediate signs of chest soreness and difficulty breathing but is otherwise alert. He is taken to an urgent care center where he is diagnosed with atelectasis and is treated with an incentive spirometer, which is sufficient to reverse breathing difficulties and fully re-inflate his lungs. What would be the expected result from extended atelectasis?

A

A reduced arterial PO2 due to ventilation/perfusion that approaches zero in the affected alveoli.

148
Q

A 59-year-old woman comes into the emergency department with an acute onset of shortness of breath. She states to the attending physicians that she recently sustained a fractured fibula in her right leg and has had slightly elevated blood pressure for several years. A lung scan demonstrates a perfusion defect in the lower right lobe. What occurs if blood flow to the alveolar units in the region of the perfusion defect is totally obstructed by a pulmonary embolism?

A

The PO2 of the alveoli affected by the embolism will be equal to the PO2 in the inspired air.

149
Q

The effect of gravity on the pulmonary circulation in an upright individual will cause:

A

Capillary pressure to be greater at the base of the lung compared with the apex (top).

150
Q

The regional changes seen in ventilation and perfusion in the lungs of a healthy, upright individual are largely due to the effects of:

A

Gravity.

151
Q

If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of a bronchial obstruction, the PO2 in the blood leaving the pulmonary capillary serving that area will be equal to:

A

mixed venous PO2

152
Q

Which of the following could potentially result in more low V/Q regions within the lung?

  1. Doubling the ventilation to the right
    cranial lobe while its blood flow remains
    the same
  2. Atelectasis of one lobe of a dog lung
  3. Vasoconstriction of the pulmonary
    arteries of the left lung in a cow
  4. Obstruction of both pulmonary arteries
A

Atelectasis of one lobe of the lung.

BMS 420 Exam #3 (2 decks)

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