Quiz Questions Flashcards
Describe the location of the kidneys?
Under back muscles, behind parietal peritoneum, just above waistline; right kidney usually a little lower than the left.
In the retroperitoneal
What are the kidney functions?
- Excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes
- Regulate levels of many chemicals in blood
- Maintain water balance
- Help regulate blood pressure and volume
- Regulate red blood cell production by secreting erythropoietin (EPO)
Name & Describe the internal structures of the kidneys.
Cortex - outer layer of kidney substances
Medulla - inner portion of kidney
Pyramids - triangular divisions of medulla
Papilla - narrow, innermost end of pyramid
Calyces - divisions of renal pelvis
Pelvis - expansion of upper end of ureter; lies inside kidney
Define filtration as they apply to kidney function.
- Goes on continually in renal corpuscles
- Glomerular blood pressure causes water & dissolved substances to filter out of glomeruli into the glomerular capsule - across the glomerular - capsular membrane
- Normal glomerular filtration rate 125 mL/min
Define reabsorption as they apply to kidney function.
- Movement of substances out of renal tubules into blood in peritubular capillaries
- Water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed
- Water is reabsorbed by osmosis from proximal tubules
- Countercurrent mechanisms in the nephron loop & surrounding peritubular capillaries concentrate sodium & chloride to make the renal medulla hypertonic, which helps concentrate urine.
- All glucose is reabsorbed along with sodium, assuming there are enough sodium-glucose transporters to accommodate all the glucose.
- Transport maximum (Tmax) - largest amount of substance that can be reabsorbed at one time.
What is Transport maximum (Tmax)
A. Determined by the number of available transporters of the substance.
B. Determines the renal threshold - the amount of substances above which the kidney removes the substance from blood and excretes in urine.
Define secretion as they apply to kidney function.
- Movement of substances into urine in the distal and collecting ducts from blood in peritubular capillaries.
- Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs are secreted by active transport.
- Ammonia is secreted by diffusion.
Briefly explain the formation of urine.
Millions of nephrons balance blood and flush the excess/wastes as urine in a process the includes 3 functions: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Name several substances eliminated or regulated by the kidney.
Hydrogen ions, potassium ions and certain drugs are secreted by active transport.
Ammonia is secreted by diffusion.
Regulates the levels of many chemical substances in the blood such as chloride, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate.
Regulates the proper balance between water content & salt by selectively retaining or excreting both substances by demand.
Explain the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Located in the nephron, the complex of cells from the distal tubule and the afferent arteriole, which helps regulate blood pressure by secreting renin in response to blood pressure changes in the kidney; located near the glomerulus.
Describe the structure of the ureters.
Narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) located inside kidney and lined with mucous membrane.
Describe the structure of the bladder and include the area of the Trigone.
A. Elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion.
B. Lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae, as in stomach mucosa.
Describe the structure of the urethra.
A. Narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior
B. Lined with mucous membrane
C. Opening of urethra to the exterior called urinary meathus
Briefly describe the process of micturition.
The use of internal urethral sphincter & external urethral sphincter to act as valves that guard the pathway leading from the bladder exit. When contracted, both sphincters seal off the bladder and allow urine to accumulate without leaking to the exterior.
Differentiate between retention & suppression of urine.
Urinary Retention - urine produced but not voided
Urinary Suppression - no urine produced but bladder is normal
Define incontinence & describe the types of incontinence.
(Enuresis) urine is voided involuntarily
Urge Incontinence - associated with smooth muscle over activity in the bladder wall
Stress Incontinence - associated with weakened pelvic floor muscles
Overflow Incontinence - associated with urinary retention & over distended bladder
Reflex Incontinence - occurs in absence of any sensory warning or awareness - common following a stroke or spinal cord injury
Nocturnal Enuresis - nighttime bed wetting
Neurogenic Bladder - periodic but unpredictable voiding; related to paralysis or abnormal function of the bladder
Explain how salt & water balance are maintained by aldosterone & Antidiuretic hormone (ADH.)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - secreted by posterior pituitary, promotes water reabsorption by collecting ducts; reduces urine.
Hypertonic (salty) medulla helps ADH concentrate urine and thus conserve the body’s water.
Aldosterone - secreted by adrenal gland, triggered by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); promotes sodium & water reabsorption in nephron; reduces urine volume.
Explain why proper blood pressure is necessary for proper kidney function.
Maintenance of a high rate of blood flow and normal blood pressure of the kidney is essential for the formation of urine.
If a person were doing strenuous work on a hot day and perspiring heavily, would there be a great deal of ADH in the blood or very little. Explain your answer.
There would be a great deal of ADH in the blood. This person would be losing water and the body would be trying to retain as much water as possible. ADH allows water to be reabsorbed from the kidney tubules rather than having it lost in the urine.
The kidneys receive about ___ of the total amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
20%
The renal corpuscle is made up of 2 structures: ___ and ___
Glomerular capsule
Glomerulus
The 2 parts of the renal tubules that extend into the medulla of the kidney are the ___ and ___
Nephron (Henle) Loop
Collecting Duct
The 2 parts of the renal tubules that are in the cortex of the kidney are the ___ and ___.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Distal Convoluted Tubule
The process of ___ is the movement of substances out of the renal tubules and into the blood capillaries.
Reabsorption
The process of ___ causes substances in the blood to be pushed into the glomerular capsule as a result of blood pressure in the glomerulus.
Filtration
The process of ___ is the movement of substances from the blood into the distal tubule or the collecting tube.
Secretion
The hormone ___ is released from the posterior pituitary gland and reduces the amount of water lost in urine.
Antidiuretic
The hormone ___ is made by the heart and stimulates the tubules in o secrete sodium.
atrial natriuretic
The hormone ___ is made in the adrenal cortex and causes the tubules to absorb sodium.
Aldosterone
The involuntary muscle ___ is at the exit of the bladder
Internal urethral sphincter
___ is a condition in which the bladder is able to empty itself but no urine is being produced by the kidneys.
Urinary Suppression
___ is a condition in which a person voids urine involuntarily.
Urinary incontinence
___ is a condition in which the bladder is full and the kidney is producing urine but the bladder is unable to empty itself.
Urinary retention
What makes up electrolytes?
Substances such as salts that dissolve or break apart in a water solution to form electrically charged atoms (or groups of atoms) called ions.
True about the location of the kidneys.
. Underneath the muscles of the back
. Left kidney is higher than the right one
. Outside the parietal peritoneum
Narrow, innermost end of a renal pyramid:
Renal papilla
The 2 main parts of a nephron are the:
Renal corpuscle & Renal Tubule
Part of the renal tubule that is found in the medulla of the kidney:
Loop of Henle
All of these are functions of the kidney.
. Urine formation
. Acid-base balance
. Water and electrolyte balance
Movement of substances out of the blood and into the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is known as:
Secretion
The hormone know as the “water-retaining hormone.”
ADH
When a patient has unusually large amounts of urine it is known as:
Polyuria
Organ of the urinary system that has a smooth triangular area known as the Trigone:
Urinary Bladder
Organ of the urinary system that drains urine from the kidney and into the urinary bladder:
Ureter
True about micturation
. Emptying of the bladder
. Voiding
. Urination
The internal sphincter:
Is involuntarily
True of the emptying reflex, except:
True:
. causes the muscles of the urinary bladder to start contracting
. Happens when about 350 mL of urine has collected in the urinary bladder
False:
. Causes the relaxation of the external sphincter
Frequent urination of small amounts of urine accompanied by feelings of extreme urgency and pain is known as:
Overactive bladder
Straight part of the renal tubule
Collecting tubule
Segment that follows the loop of Henle
Distal consulates tubule
Segment nearest to the renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Has a descending limb, hairpin turn, and ascending limb
Loop of Henle
Collects urine from several distal convoluted tubules
Collecting tubules
Inflammation or infection of the bladder
Cystitis
Urine is produced but the bladder cannot empty itself
Urinary retention
Voids involuntarily and usually occurs in stroke patients
Incontinence
Bladder can empty but there is no urine being produced
Urinary suppression
Frequent urination of small amounts of urine with urgency and pain
Overactive bladder
Triangular divisions of the kidney
Renal pyramid
Inner portion of the kidney
Renal medulla
Divisions of the renal pelvis
Renal calyces
Outer portion of the kidney
Renal cortex
Expansion of the upper end of the ureter
Renal pelvis
