Quiz Quesions Anp test #2 Flashcards
Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?
A. Smooth muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Visceral muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
What are the types of muscle tissue?
A. Voluntary , involuntary, skeletal
B. Striated, non striated , cardiac
C. Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
D. epithelial, connective, nervous
C. Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle
A. To facilitate voluntary movements
B. To generate heat through shivering
C. To maintain posture and body position
D. To pump blood throughout the body
D. To pump blood throughout the body
What is the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber called ?
A. Myofibril
B. Sarcomere
C. Motor unit
D. Myofilament
B. Sarcomere
Explain the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.
Muscles contract when thin filaments (actin) slide past thick filaments (myosin). Myosin heads bind to actin, pull, and release, shortening the muscle. ATP provides energy.
Describe the hierarchical organization of muscle tissue and its significance
Muscle organization:
-filaments form myofibrils
-myofibrils form muscle fibers
-fibers form fascicles
-Fascicles form muscle tissue
This structure enables coordinated contraction and force gerneration
Discuss the effects of organophosphate poisoning on muscle function.
Organophosphates cause:
Muscle overstimulation
Weakness
Paralysis
They stop the breakdown of a chemical that controls muscles.
What is myasthenia Gravis, and how does it affect muscle strength?
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness. Antibodies block signals at the neuromuscular junction, reducing muscle strength
What role does acetylcholine play in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine starts muscle contraction. It travels across the neuromuscular junction binds to receptors, which causes the muscle to contract.
How do the properties of contractibility, excitability, extensibility and elasticity contribute to muscle function?
Contractibility: allows muscles to shorten and generate force
Excitability: responds to stimuli to initiate contraction
Extensibility: enables muscles to stretch
Elasticity: allows muscles to return to their original length
What property of muscle tissue allows it to respond to stimuli?
A. Excitability
B. Extensibility
C. Elasticity
D. Contractibility
A. Excitability
What structure surrounds a whole skeletal muscle?
A. Perimysium
B. Endomysium
C. Epimysium
D. Sarcolemma
C. Epimysium
What are the three layers of meninges surrounding the spinal cord?
A. Dura mater, subarachnoid space, and pita mater
B. Spider is, dermis, and hypodermic
C. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pita mater
D. Nora mater , epidural space, and pita mater
C. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pita mater
Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
A. Begins at the pons and ends at the coccyx
B. Begins at the medulla oblong at a and ends at the sacrum
C. Begins at the cervical vertebrae and ends at the sacrum
D. Begins at the foremen magnum and ends at the L1-L2 vertebral level
D. Begins at the foremen magnum and ends at the L1-L2 vertebral level
How many pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the spinal cord?
A. 12 pairs
B. 30 pairs
C. 24 pairs
D. 31 pairs
D. 31 pairs
What distinguishes monosynaptic reflexes from poly synaptic reflexes?
A. Whether the reflex is excitatory or inhibitory
B. The presence of interneurons
C. The presence of a sensory receptor
D. The speed of the response
B. The presence of interneurons
Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord
The spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the brain stem down the back. It relays signals between the brain and body and controls reflexes.
What happens during the stretch reflex, and why is it clinically relevant?
During the stretch reflex, a muscle contraction occurs in response to stretching. Clinically, it tests nerve function
Explain the significance of the epidural space in clinical procedures
The epidural space is key for administering anesthesia and pain relief. It allows targeted drug delivery near the spinal nerves, blocking pain signals.
How do sensory neurons contribute to the withdrawal reflex?
Sensory neurons detect a stimulus (like heat) and send signals to the spinal cord. Triggering the reflex to withdraw from danger.
What are the differences between somatic and autonomic reflexes
Somatic: voluntary muscle control
Autonomic: involuntary organ/ gland control
What are the potential consequences of spinal stenosis?
Pain
Numbness
Weakness
Difficulty walking
Incontinence
How does reciprocal innervation work during a withdrawal reflex?
Reciprocal innervation:
-One set of muscles is activated
-While opposing muscles are inhibited
-This allows quick, coordinated movement away from a stimulus
How do descending tracts from the brain influence spinal reflexes?
Descending tracts can either amplify or dampen spinal reflexes, adjusting their sensitivity based on input from the brain
What is the importance of the Golgi tendon reflex in muscle function?
The Golgi tendon reflex prevents muscles from contracting too forcefully. It protects against injury by causing muscles relaxation when tension is too high.
What is the role of the dorsal foot ganglion?
A. To transmit motor commands via motor neurons
B. To propagate signals from motor neurons
C. To integrate sensory information via interneurons
D. To house cell bodies of sensory neurons
D. To house cell bodies of sensory neurons
What is a reflex arc ?
A. A learned behaviour that becomes automatic
B. A neural pathway controlling a reflex
C. A neural pathway including decsion-making
D. A complex pathway involving the brain
B. A neural pathway controlling a reflex
What is the function of the cauda equina?
A. To transmit sensory and motor information to the Lower body
B. To regulate heart rate and breathing
C. To control upper limb movement
D. To directly control bladder contraction
A. To transmit sensory and motor information to the lower body
How many pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the spinal cord?
A. 12
B. 7
C. 13
D.31
D.31
Where does the spinal cord behind and end?
A forum magnum to the fired lumbar vertebra
B. Medulla oblongata to the third vertebra
C. Foremen magnum to the coccyx
D. Foremen magnum to the second lumbar vertebra
D. Forman magnum to the second lumbar
What is the function of the cauda equina?
A. Anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx
B. Protecting the spinal cord form injury
C. Producing cerebraoprinal squid
D. Extending nerve signals to the lower limbs
D. Extending the nerve to the lower limbs
Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for supplying the upper limbs?
A. Conus medullaris
B.lumbar enlargement
C. Cervical enlargement
D. Cauda equina
C. Cervical enlargement
Describe the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord
Gray matter is in the center, shaped like a butterfly. White matter surrounds it, divided into columns
Explain the significance of the stretch reflex in clinical assessments
It checks:
- spinal cord health
- nerve function
- muscle tone
It’s a quick way to find nervous system issues
What are the three layers of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord
A. Apidural , subdural , subarchanoid
B. Ednoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
C. Gray matter, white matter, central matter
D. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
D. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
What are the differences between somatic and automatic reflexes?
Somatic reflexes: skeletal muscle
Autonomatic reflexes: smooth muscle,. Cardiac muscle, glands
What is found within the subarachnoid space?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Spinal nerves
C. Serous fluid
D. CSF and blood vessels
D. CSF and Blood vessels
Discuss the implications of spinal stenosis on nerve function
Spinal stenosis narrows the spinal canal, compressing nerves. This can cause pain, numbness and/ or weakness due to disrupted nerve signal transmission
How do interneurons contribute to reflex actions in the spinal cord?
Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons. They can:
Excite or inhibit motor neurons
Coordinate flexor and extensor muscles
Relay signals across the spinal cord
What are the advantaged and disadvantages of spinal anesthesia compared to epidural anesthesia?
Spinal:
stronger, faster
Direct to CSF
Epidural:
slower,
epidural space
What is the purpose of the Golgi tendon reflex?
A. To maintain muscle tone and body posture
B. To coordinate reciprocal muscle innervation
C. To initiate muscle contraction upon stretching
D. To prevent excessive tendon tension
D. To prevent excessive tendon tension
What is a reflex arc?
A. A pathway that includes the brain for decsion- making
B. A pathway involving only sensory and motor neurons
C. A pathway where signals travel directly to the brain
D. A neural pathway mediating a reflex action
D. A neural pathway meditating a reflex action
What happens during the withdrawal reflex when a painful stimulus is detected?
A. Flexor muscles contract, and extensor muscles also contract
B. Both flexor and extensor muscles remain inactive
C. Flexor muscles contract, and extensor muscles contract
D. Flexor muscles contract and extensor muscles relax
A. Flexor muscles contract, and extensor muscles also contract
How does spinal stenosis affect nerve function?
A. It leads to the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers
B. It causes inflammation that protects the nerves from damage
C. It increases blood flow to the nerves , enhancing function
D. It compresses nerve roots, causing pain and weakness
D. It compresses nerve roots, causing pain and weakness
What anatomical feature prevents injury during procedures involving the subarchanoid space?
A. The cauda equina allows for safe needle insertion
B. The spinal cord ends at the second lumbar vertebra
C. The film terminals anchors the spinal cord securely
D. The dura mater provides cushioning around the spinal cord
B. The spinal cord ends at the second lumbar vertebra
How does the reflex arc facilitate the withdrawal response?
A. It sends signals directly to the brain first
B. It bypasses the brain for quicker reaction
C. It requires multiple interneurons to function
C. It activates only sensory neurons without moto involvement
B. It bypasses the brain for a quicker reaction
What type of reflex is demonstrated when a person withdrawals their hand from a hot stove?
A. Polysynaptic reflex
B. Cranial reflex
C. autonomic reflex
C. Monosynaptic reflex
D. Monosynaptic reflex
Explain the role of phrenic nerve and its origin
The phrenic ( C3-C5) innervates the diaphragm, which is vital for breathing. It originates from the cervical plexus
Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?
A. Cardiac muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Involuntary
D. Skeletal muscle
D. Skeletal muscle
What structure surrounds a whole skeletal muscle?
A. Epimysium
B. Sarcolemma
C. Endomysium
D. Perimysium
A. Epimysium
Describe the hierarchical organization of muscle tissue and its significance
Muscle tissue is organized form :
Myofilaments ( actin, myosin)
Sarcomere
Myofibrils
Muscle fibers
Fascicles
Muscles- this structure enables coordinated contraction
Explain the sliding filament model of muscle contraction
Muscle contracts when actin filaments slide over myosin filaments. This shortens the Sarcomere, the basic unit of muscle. Neither actin nor myosin changes length
How do the properties of contractibility, excitability, extensibility and elasticity contribute to muscle function?
Contractility: allows muscles to shorten and generate force.
Excitability: enables response to stimuli.
Extensibility: permits stretching.
Elasticity: restores original shape.
Discuss the effects of organophosphate poisoning on muscle function
Organophosphates cause
Spastic paralysis: muscles contract and can’t relax
Muscle fatigue
Respiratory failure: due to paralysis of breathing muscles
What property of muscle tissue allows it to respond to stimuli
A. Elasticity
B. Excitability
C. Contracility
D. Extensibility
B. Excitability
What role does acetylcholine play in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine is a neuro transmitter released at the neuromuscular junction. Arch binds to receptors on the muscle fibber, which leads to muscle contraction
What is myasthenia gravis, and how does it affect muscle strength?
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors. This reduces muscle activation, causing muscle weakness and fatigue
What is the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber called?
A. Myofilament
B. Myofibrils
C. Sarcomere
D. Sarcolemma
C. Sarcomere
What symptoms might indicate damage to specific nerves of the brachial plexus?
Ulnar nerve damage: numbness/ tingling in the ring and little fingers
Median nerve damage: issues with thumb, index and middle fingers
Radial nerve damage: weakness in wrist/ finger extension
What are the three layers of connective tissue that surround spinal nerves?
A. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
B. Endomysium, Perimysium , and Epimysium
C.Endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium
D. Fascicles, endoneurium and perineurium
C. Endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium
What is the primary function of the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerves?
A. Innervating deep muscles of the vertebral column
B. Forming the cervical plexus
C. Innervating the ventral muscles of the trunk
D. Innervating the intercostal muscles and skin of thorax
A. Innervating deep muscles of the vertebral column
Which plexus innervates the diaphragm?
A. Brachial plexus
B. Cervical plexus
C. Sacral plexus
D. Lumbar plexus
B. Cervical plexus
Discuss how cervical ribs can lead to thoracic outlet syndrome
Cervical ribs can compress the brachial plexus or subclavian vessels in the thoracic outlet. This compression leads to pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness in the upper limb.
What are the clinical implications of thoracic outlet syndrome?
TOS can cause:
-pain, tingling, numbness in the arm and hand
-muscle weakness
Paralysis
Reduced blood flow these are due to nerve and vessel compression
How do the ventral rami contribute to the formation of nerve plexuses?
Ventral rami from different spinal nerves intermix and converge. They join to form nerve plexuses ( cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral)
What aer the differences between the lumbar and the sacral plexuses?
Lumbar: L1-L4
Sacral: L4-S4
Both: lower limb innervation
Lumbar: obturator and femoral nerves
Sacral: tibial and common fibular (sciatic) nerves
Describe the organization and structure of spinal nerves
Spinal nerves have axon bundles. Schwann cells, and connective tissue layers (ednoneurium, perineurium , epineurium). There are 31 pairs and they exit the vertebral column. The split into dorsal and ventral rami
What condition can result from compression of the inferior roots of the brachial plexus?
A. Carpal tunnel syndrome
B. Sciatica
C. Erb’s palsy
D. Thoracic outlet syndrome
D. Thoracic outlet syndrome
What major nerves exit the lumbar plexus to innervate the lower limb?
A. Musculocutaneous, ulnar median, smaller nerves
B. Axillary, Radial, Musculocutaneous, Ulnar
C. Obturator, femoral, tibial, common fibular
D. Gluteal, pudendal, iliohypogastric, illioinguinal
C. Obturator, femoral, tibial, common fibular
