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RUSVM Pharmacology > Quiz One > Flashcards

Quiz One Flashcards

1
Q

What are species differences that can effect drug response?

A

Different GI tracts (monogastric vs. ruminant)
Vomiting species vs. non-vomiting species
Drug metabolizing enzymes
Plasma protein binding
Effects of morphine in different species

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2
Q

What are some breed specific examples of how drugs can have different actions in the same species?

A

Collies are sensitive to Ivermectin
Boxers are sensitive to Phenothiazines
Australian Terriers are tolerant to Droperidol-fentanyl combo but are sensitive to its toxic effects

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3
Q

Why can drugs have different effects on individuals belonging to the same species and breed?

A

Individual genetics

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4
Q

How does body weight and composition affect drug dosage?

A

Dosages are calculated to the average adult individual; therefore obese, lean, or severely dehydrated patients require dosage modification

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5
Q

Compare and contrast pediatric vs. geriatric pharmacology

A

Pediatric: Decreased drug metabolism, drug excretion, BBB, increased total body H2O, decreased plasma protein binding, susceptible to adverse effects (yellow discoloration of teeth by tetracyclines, cartilage damage by fluoroquinolones, growth inhibition by glucocorticoids), antihistamines and barbiturates may cause hyperactivity, chronic phenobarbital therapy may effect learning and behavior

Geriatric: Decreased metabolism (P450 enzymes), decreased cardiac output, renal function, hepatic blood flow. Chronic diseases may be present, and changes in body composition may have occurred (increased amount of fat, decreased lean muscle mass, reduction of total body water, reduction of plasma albumin)

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6
Q

How does individual sex effect drug action and dosage?

A

Mature female animals generally have more fat than males
The repro cycle of male vs. female
Pregnancy/lactation
Differences in drug biotransformation

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7
Q

How can animal temperament affect drug efficacy?

A

Calm animals may need lower doses of CNS depressants than aggressive animals

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8
Q

What are idiosyncratic individual sensitivities?

A

Genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions
Less common than pharmacological adverse reactions
Can be very serious
Not dose dependent, drug withdrawal is therefore required
Common CS: fever, urticaria, anaphylaxis, organ toxicities
Mostly caused by reactive drug metabolites (RDMs) and the immune system

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9
Q

Give some examples of idiosyncratic individual sensitivities:

A

Enrofloxacin may cause retinal damage in some cats
Griseofulvin may cause liver damage in some cats
Captopril may cause renal disease in some dogs

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10
Q

What are drug allergies (hypersensitivities)?

A

Some drugs act as antigens
Prior exposure is necessary
Antigen-antibody reactions can cause allergy or anaphylaxis
Some drugs can act as haptens and cause hypersensitivity (penicillins, sulfonamides, aspirin, morphine, tubocurarine)

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11
Q

How can disease affect the efficacy of drugs?

A

Severe liver disease decreases drug metabolism
Severe kidney disease decreases renal excretion
Congestive heart failure decreases organ blood flow and renal excretion

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12
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

An unusual resistance to the ordinary dose of a drug
Can be natural (ruminants to barbiturates), aquired (enzyme induction, increased excretion, down regulation of receptors), cross tolerance (thiopental in an animal under phenobarbital treatment), tachyphylaxis (acute acquired tolerance)

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13
Q

Compare and contrast IV vs. oral administration of a drug:

A

IV is faster with a short duration of action

Oral has a slower onset with a longer duration of action

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14
Q

Give some examples of how the route of administration can modify the effect of a drug:

A

Magnesium sulfate orally has a cathartic effect, intravenously it causes cardiac depression and muscle relaxation

Lidocaine locally is a local anesthetic, IV it is an antiarrhythmic

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15
Q

Give some examples of how the timing of administration can affect drug response:

A

When giving drugs orally, absorption is faster before meals than after

CNS stimulants may be more effective during the day

CNS depressants may be more effective at night

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16
Q

What is culmination?

A

When the rate of elimination is slower than the rate of absorption

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17
Q

Give an example of a desirable drug-drug interaction

A

Combined antihypertensive therapy (ACE inhibitor-thiazide diuretic)
Combined antimicrobial therapy (penicillin G-streptomycin)

18
Q

Give an example of an undesirable drug-drug interaction:

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotic-aminoglycoside antibiotic

Undesirable drug-drug interactions are important in drugs that have narrow safety margins

19
Q

What are the types of drug-drug interactions?

A

Summation (1+1=2) (ex. Two anticholinergics)

Potentiation (1+1>2) (ex. Epinephrine-procaine) (combined effect is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently)

Synergism (1+1>2) (ex. Neuroleptic-inhalation anesthetic) (the exaggeration of a drug by giving another drug with the same action)

Antagonism (administration of two drugs decreases the pharmacological response of the drugs)

20
Q

What are the types of drug-drug antagonism?

A

Physical antagonism (activated charcoal)
Chemical antagonism (EDTA and lead)
Physiological antagonism (epinephrine and histamine)
Pharmacological antagonism
Competitive (atropine and acetylcholine)
Non-competitive (phenoxybenzamine and epinephrine)

21
Q

What is the difference between pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions?

A

Pharmacodynamic: two drugs act on the same receptors

Pharmacokinetic: alteration of absorption (calcium orally inhibits tetracyclines/fluoroquinolones), distribution, biotransformation (enzyme inducers such as phenobarbital can reduce the effect of other drugs, enzyme inhibitors such as chloramphenicol may increase the effect of other drugs), excretion (urinary alkalinizers enhance renal excretion of weak acidic drugs, urinary acidifiers can enhance excretion of weak basic drugs)

22
Q

Give some examples of drug incompatibility:

A

Vitamin B complex with many antibiotics
Xylazine with thiopental
Tetracyclines with calcium
Sodium bicarbonate with epinephrine

23
Q

What is drug disposition?

A

The study of the movement of drugs across body membranes from the time of absorption until elimination

24
Q

What are the stages of drug disposition?

A

Absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion

25
Q

Describe biological cell membranes

A

Composed of a lipid belayer, membranes have membrane carbohydrates and proteins, aqueous pores/junctions between cells

26
Q

Describe passive diffusion and list the factors affecting it

A

Transmembrane and paracellular movement, simple diffusion
No energy required
Concentration gradient, degree of ionization (only non-ionized form can be lipid soluble), and lipid solubility affect it

27
Q

What is the pKa of a drug?

A

The ph at which a weak electrolyte is 50% ionized and 50% non-ionized

28
Q

True or false: a drug is more ionized in an opposite pH compared to it

A

True (ex. A weak acid is more ionized in an alkaline environment)

29
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Carrier mediated transport that does not require energy

30
Q

What is active transport?

A

When a substance moves against the concentration gradient
Requires energy
Carrier mediated transport

31
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

A specific type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs the drug molecules dissolved in H2O

32
Q

Is there absorption occurring when a drug is given IV?

A

No, it is already in the bloodstream.

Absorption is the transfer of the drug from the site of administration to the circulation.

33
Q

What factors related to the drug affect absorption?

A

Molecular size (smaller=faster)
Lipid solubility (more lipid soluble=the greater the absorption)
Degree of ionization (the higher the ratio between N/I, the greater the absorption)
Dissolution of the drug in water (oral absorption of liquid drugs is faster than solids)
Small tablets are absorbed faster than big tablets
Route of administration (inhalation/sublingual>intramuscular>subcutaneous>oral)

34
Q

What factors related to the animal affect drug absorption?

A

Blood flow (increased blood flow= greater absorption)
Heat or massage of IM injection increases blood flow and therefore absorption
Sympathetic stimulation increases blood flow to skeletal muscles but reduces it to the GIT/skin
Shock and edema decrease blood flow

35
Q

Where is the main site of absorption for all drugs given orally?

A

Upper part of the SI (extensive surface area and rich blood supply)

Dependent on the rate of gastric emptying (faster=faster absorption)

36
Q

What occurs during distribution of drugs?

A

The transport of drugs from the plasma to the tissues

37
Q

Describe some examples of plasma protein binding

A

Acidic drugs bind mainly to albumin
Basic drugs bind mainly to acid alpha-1 glycoproteins and lipoproteins
Some drugs bind to globulin (ex. Steroids)

Generally reversible, prolongs the half-life of the drug, bound form is inactive, rate of bringing depends on the drug

38
Q

List highly, moderately, and poorly perfused tissues

A

High: brain, liver, kidneys, endocrine glands

Moderate: muscle, skin

Poor: bone, adipose tissue

39
Q

List some of the tissue barriers in the body

A 
Brain (most effective)
Eye
Testicles 
Mammary gland
Placenta (least effective)
40
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

Chemical alteration of a drug molecule to prepare for excretion

Makes the molecule more water soluble, polar, and ionized, bioinactivation/detoxification

Occurs in the liver sER, liver hepatocyte cytoplasm/mitochondria, other tissues, and plasma

41
Q

Explain phase I and phase II reactions of biotransformation:

A

Oxidation (most common phase I reaction)
Reduction
Hydrolysis

Conjugation (phase II)

42
Q

What are some species differences that affect drug biotransformation?

A

Cats are deficient in glucuronyl transferases, hydroxylation, and dealkylation
Dogs lack acetylizing enzymes
Ruminants have less plasma pseudocholinesterase than horses, dogs, and cats
Ruminants and horses have high levels of oxidative enzymes
Equines are deficient in methylases
Pigs are deficient in sulfate conjugating enzymes
Birds lack oxidative enzymes
Fish have low levels of drug metabolizing enzymes

RUSVM Pharmacology (2 decks)

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