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N 225 Quiz 2 > Quiz Numero Dos > Flashcards

Quiz Numero Dos Flashcards

1
Q

Systematic inquiry that uses orderly methods to answer questions or solve problems.

A

Research

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2
Q

Systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession.

A

Nursing Research

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3
Q

Research designed to generate knowledge to guide health care practice.

A

Clinical Research

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4
Q

A practice that involves making clinical decisions on the best available evidence, with an emphasis on evidence from disciplined research.

A

Evidence-based Practice

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5
Q

A rigorous synthesis of research findings on a particular research question, using systematic sampling and data collection procedures and a formal protocol.

A

Systematic Reviews

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6
Q

A principle that is accepted as being true based on logic or reason, without proof.

A

Assumption

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7
Q

The paradigm underlying the traditional scientific approach, which assumes that there is an orderly reality that can be objectively studied; often associated with quantitative research.

A

Positivist Paradigm

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8
Q

An alternative paradigm to the positivist paradigm that holds that there are multiple interpretations of reality, and that the goal of research is to understand how individuals construct reality within their context; associated with qualitative research.

A

Constructivist Paradigm

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9
Q

The techniques used to structure a study and to gather and analyze information in a systematic fashion.

A

Research Methods

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10
Q

The investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic fashion, through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design.

A

Qualitative Research

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11
Q

The investigation of phenomena that lend themselves to precise measurement and quantification, often involving a rigorous and controlled design.

A

Quantitative Research

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12
Q

A set of orderly, systematic, controlled procedures for acquiring dependable, empirical - and typically quantitative - information; the methodologic approach.

A

Scientific Method

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13
Q

Evidence rooted in objective reality and gathered using one’s senses as the basis for generating knowledge.

A

Empirical Evidence

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14
Q

The degree to which the research methods justify the inference that the findings are true for a broader group than study participants; in particular, the inference that the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population.

A

Generalizability

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15
Q

Research designed to illuminate the underlying causes of phenomena.

A

Cause Probing Research

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16
Q

The conscientious use of current best evidence in making clinical decisions about patient care; it is a clinical problem-solving strategy that de-emphasizes decision making based on custom and emphasizes the integration of research evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences.

A

Evidence-based Practice (EBP)

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17
Q

The use of some aspect of a study in a n application unrelated to the original research.

A

Research Utilization (RU)

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18
Q

Practice guidelines that are evidence based, combining a synthesis and appraisal of research evidence with specific recommendations for clinical decisions.

A

Clinical Practice Guideline

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19
Q

An international organization that aims to facilitate well-informed decisions about health care by preparing systematic reviews ofthe effect of health care interrventions.

A

Cochrane Collaboration

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20
Q

A ranked arrangement of the validity and dependability of evidence based on the rigor of the method that produced it.

A

Evidence Hierarchy

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21
Q

The extent to which an innovation is amenable to implementation in a new setting, an assessment of which is often made in an evidence-based practice project.

A

Implementation Potential

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22
Q

A technique for quantitatively integrating the results of multiple studies addressing the same or a highly similar research question.

A

Meta-analysis

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23
Q

The grand narratives or interpretive translations produced from the integration or comparison of finding from qualitative studies.

A

Metasynthesis

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24
Q

A small scale version, or trial run, done in preparation for a major study or to assess feasibility.

A

Pilot Test

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25
Q

A rigorous synthesis of research findings on a particular research question, using systematic sampling and data collection procedures and a formal protocol.

A

Systematic Review

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26
Q

A relationship between two variable wherein the presence or value of one variable (the “cause”) determines the presence or value of the other (the “effect”).

A

Cause-and-effect (causal) Relationship

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27
Q

A study designed to assess the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of a new clinical intervention, sometimes involving several phases, one of which (Phase III) is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) using an experimental design.

A

Clinical Trial

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28
Q

An abstraction based on observation of behaviors or characteristics (e.g. fatigue, pain).

A

Concept

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29
Q

The abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept under study.

A

Conceptual Definition

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30
Q

An abstraction or concept that is deliberately invented (constructed) by researchers for a scientific purpose (e.g., health locus of control).

A

Construct

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31
Q

The pieces of information obtained in a study.

A

Data

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32
Q

The variable hypothesized to depend on or be caused by another variable.; the outcome of interest.

A

Dependent Variable

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33
Q

A design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned.

A

Emergent Design

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34
Q

A branch of human inquiry, associated with anthropology, that focuses on the culture of a group of people, with an effort to understand the world view and customs of those under study.

A

Ethnography

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35
Q

A technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior.

A

Experimental Research

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36
Q

The process of gaining access to study participants through the cooperation of key actors in the selected community or site.

A

Gaining Entree

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37
Q

A broad theory aimed at describing large segments of the physical, social, or behavioral world, also called a macro theory.

A

Grounded Theory

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38
Q

A statement of predicted relationships between variables or predicted outcomes.

A

Hypothesis

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39
Q

The variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the manipulated (treatment) variable.

A

Independent Variable

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40
Q

An individual who provides information to researchers about a phenomenon under study, usually in qualitative studies.

A

Informant

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41
Q

The specification of exactly what the intervention and alternative (control) treatment conditions are, and how they should be administered.

A

Intervention Protocol

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42
Q

A critical summary of research on a topic, often prepared to put a research problem in context or to summarize existing evidence.

A

Literature Review

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43
Q

Studies in which the researcher collects data without introducing an intervention; also called observational research.

A

Non experimental Research

44
Q

The definition of a concept or variable in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured.

A

Operational Definition

45
Q

The dependent variable; a measure that cpatures the outcome of an intervention.

A

Outcome Variable

46
Q

A qualitative research tradition, with roots in philosophy and psychology, that focuses on the lived experience of humans guided by photographic images.

A

Phenomenology

47
Q

Information collected in narrative (non-numeric) form, such as the dialogue from a transcript of an unstructured interview.

A

Qualitative Data

48
Q

Information collected in a quantified (numeric) form.

A

Quantitative Data

49
Q

A bond or collection between two or more variables.

A

Relationship

50
Q

The overall plan for addressing a research question, including strategies for enhancing the study’s integrity.

A

Research Design

51
Q

The subset of a population selected to participate in a study.

A

Sample

52
Q

The collection of qualitative data to the point where a sense of closure is attained because new data yield redundant information.

A

Saturation

53
Q

The organization and analysis of quantitative data using statistical procedures, including both descriptive and inferential statistics.

A

Statistical Analysis

54
Q

An individual who participates and provides information in a study.

A

Study Participant

55
Q

An individual who participates and provides data in a study; term used primarily in quantitative research

A

Subject

56
Q

A recurring regularity emerging from an analysis of qualitative data.

A

Theme

57
Q

An attribute that varies, that, takes on different values (e.g., body temperature, heart rate).

A

Variable

58
Q

A brief description of a study, located at the beginning of a report

A

Abstract

59
Q

Any influence that distorts the results of the study and undermines validity

A

Bias

60
Q

The process of preventing those involved in the study (participants, intervention agents, data collectors, or healthcare providers) from having information that could lead to a bias, particularity information about which treatment group a participant is in; also called masking

A

Blinding

61
Q

A variable that is extraneous to the research question and that confounds understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variables can be controlled in the research design in through statistical procedures

A

Confounding variable

62
Q

A criterion for evaluating integrity and trustworthiness in qualitative studies, referring to the confidence in the truth of the data; analogous to internal validity and quantitative research

A

Credibility

63
Q

A critical appraisal that analyzes both weaknesses and strengths of a research report

A

Critique

64
Q

The results of the analysis of research data

A

Findings

65
Q

The organization of a research report into four main sections: the introduction, method, results, and discussion sections

A

IMRAD format

66
Q

In research, a conclusion drawn from the study evidence, taking into account the methods used to generate that evidence

A

Inference

67
Q

A report appearing in professional journals such as research and nursing

A

Journal article

68
Q

The risk of making a type one error in a statistical analysis, with the criterion (Alpha) established by the researcher before hand

A

Level of significance

69
Q

In statistical testing, the probability that the obtained results are due to chance alone; the probability of a type one error

A

P value

70
Q

A sham or pseudo intervention sometimes used as a control group condition

A

Placebo

71
Q

An important concept in quantitative research, involving having certain features of the study established by chance rather than design or personal preference

A

Randomness

72
Q

In qualitative studies, the researcher’s critical self-reflection about his or her own biases, preferences, and preconceptions

A

Reflexivity

73
Q

The extent to which a measurement is free from measurement error; more broadly, the extent to which scores for people who have not changed are the same for repeated measurements

A

Reliability

74
Q

The degree to which a study is methodologically and conceptually sound

A

Scientific merit

75
Q

A term indicating that the results from an analysis of sample data are unlikely to have been caused by chance, at a specified level of probability

A

Statistical significance

76
Q

An analytical tool that estimates the probability that obtained results from a sample reflect true population values

A

Statistical test

77
Q

The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings or groups; analogous to generalizability

A

Transferability

78
Q

The use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon to converge on an accurate representation of reality

A

Triangulation

79
Q

The degree of confidence qualitative researchers have in their data and analysis, most often assessed using that criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, and authenticity

A

Trustworthiness

80
Q

A quality criterion referring to the degree to which the inference made in a study are accurate and well offended; in measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what is it intended to measure

A

Validity

81
Q

The fundamental ethical principles established by a discipline or institution to guide researchers’ conduct in research with human (or animal) study participants.

A

Code of Ethics

82
Q

A paper that outlines the important ethical principals that should be followed when doing research involving human subjects. It was issue by the national commision of the experts in the United State in 1978

A

Belmont Report

83
Q

When one or more ethical principles are in conflict, each carry favorable and unfavorable consequences

A

Ethical Dilemma

84
Q

An ethical principle that seeks to maximize benefits for study participants, and prevent harm.

A

Beneficence

85
Q

A monetary payment to individuals participating in a study to serve as an incentive for participation and/or to compensate for time and expenses.

A

Stipend

86
Q

The communication of complete, accurate information to potential study participants.

A

Full Disclosure

87
Q

The relative costs and benefits, to an individual subject and to society at large, of participation in a study; also, the relative costs and benefits of implementing an innovation.

A

Risk-Benefit Ratio

88
Q

Anticipated risks that are no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine tests or procedures.

A

Minimal Risk

89
Q

An ethical principle that requires researchers to obtain people’s voluntary participation in a study, after informing them of possible risks and benefits.

A

Informed Consent

90
Q

Consent to participate in a study that a researcher assumes has been given on participant’s actions, such as returning a completed questionnaire.

A

Implied Consent

91
Q

In a qualitative study, an ongoing, transactional process of negotiating consent with participants, allowing them to collaborate in the decision making about their continued participation.

A

Process Consent

92
Q

Protection of participants’ confidentiality such that even the researcher cannot link individuals with the data they provided.

A

Anonymity

93
Q

Protection of study participants so that data provided are never publicly divulged.

A

Confidentiality

94
Q

Special groups of people whose rights in studies need special protection because of their inability to provide meaningful informed consent or because their circumstances place them at higher-than-average-risk of adverse effects (e.g., children, unconscious patients).

A

Vulnerable Populations

95
Q

The affirmative agreement of members of a vulnerable group (e.g., children) to participate in a study.

A

Assent

96
Q

In the United States, a group of people affiliated with an institution who convene to review proposed and ongoing studies with respect to ethical considerations.

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

97
Q

Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for conducting or reporting research.

A

Research Misconduct

98
Q

The hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between two variables

A

Directional hypothesis

99
Q

A research hypothesis that does not stipulate the expected direction of the relationship between variables

A

Nondirectional hypothesis

100
Q

A hypothesis stating the absence of the relationship between the variables understudy; used primarily and statistical testing as a hypothesis is to be rejected

A

Null hypothesis

101
Q

An expression of a dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation

A

Problem statement

102
Q

The actual hypothesis a researcher which is to test, stating the anticipated relationship between two or more variables

A

Research hypothesis

103
Q

A disturbing or perplexing condition that can be investigated through disciplined inquiry

A

Research problem

104
Q

A specific query the researcher wants to answer to address a research problem

A

Research question

105
Q

A declarative statement of the overall goals of the study

A

Statement of purpose

N 225 Quiz 2 (1 decks)

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