Quiz MC Flashcards
What are characteristics of the universe as we currently understand it
- universe is expanding due in part to the presence of dark energy
- the shape of the universe is membrane like
- approximately 13.7 billion years old
Stellar parallax is the apparent
shift in position of nearby stars as the Earth moves around the Sun
The gas composition of the interstellar space environment is made up of
74% H, 25% He, and 1% heavier elements
An astronomical unit is 1.496 x 10^8km. What does this unit represent
distance between earth and the sun
What is not a likely source for the formation of a secondary atmosphere on the ancient Earth?
gasses from planetary nebulae
a sedimentary rock that undergoes complete melting becomes the following type of rock
igneous
a radioactive isotope that undergoes alpha decay spontaneously loses
two protons and two neurtons
The coaccretion theory regarding the moon’s origin was debunked after the Apollo missions. What was the pivotal piece of evidence that invalidated this hypothesis?
the collected moon rocks lacked iron suggesting the moon was derived from Earth’s mantle and crust
A scientific model is considered valid if it is consistent with
independent observations made by different scientists
What is the current hypothesis as to the origin of chirality in AA
polarized light caused a differential photolysis of D-amino acids in space causing an abiotic over abundance of L-amino acids
Which of the following macromolecules have catalytic function
lipids, RNA, and proteins
The ability of minerals to concentrate organics on its surface is dependent on which of the following factors
charge, temperature, crystal structure
which of the following discoveries was critical for the RNA world hypothesis
the discovery of ribozymes
which of the following are genes related by duplication
paralog
which of the following is NOT considered a reason for genomes to switch from RNA to DNA
may prevent spontaneous thymidine deamination
The molecular building blocks of life (AA) have been found
on the earth, interstellar space, and meteorites
Which of the following is thought possibly to help increase genome stability
increased number of transposons
which of the following is NOT thought to be associated with viruses and the origin of life
viruses likely blebbed off cellular genomes
which of the following is not a function of RNA
synthesizes carbs
What is evidence for snow ball earth
global glacier deposits
lack of photosynthetic organisms
the presence of banded iron fomations
which of the following is part of the Milankovitch cycle
eccentricity, obliquity, precession
T/F the cambrian explosion coincides with the origin of animals
false
what are the factors that triggered the Cambrian explosion
genetic complexity
predetary selection for hard parts
change in O2 level
which of the following is considrered to be a eukaryotic metagroup
chromoalveolates, plantae, rhizaria
NOT moneran
the process of evolution requires that variation be introduced into a population. Which of the following is thought to be a method to introduce that variation?
gene flow
genetic drift
mutation in DNA replication
who wrote the principles of geology
lyell
who first proposed that different species presently share common features that may have been derived from one species
leibneiz
A chemoautotroph gets is energy and carbon from
Energy: organic molecules
Carbon: inorganic CO2
Under what type of natural selection are the extreme varieties from both ends of the frequency distribution elininated?
stablizing selection
The effective temperature is the temperature of a planet and the impact of it’s atmospheric greenhouse gases?
false
what is the current geologicl eon
phanerozoic
if the carbon levels in a freshwater lake is <0.1mg C per L day the lake is referred to as
oligotrophic
If you are a microbe and you get your carbon from glucose and your energy from the sun you would be
photoheterotroph
Which of the following molecules makes the best electron donor for life
H2
Metabolic hierarchies on redox potential for iron, nitrate, metanogenesis
nitrate, iron, methanogensis
what are the finger print methods provides a low cost approach to assess the overall complexity of a community
TRFLP, DGGE, ARISA
Experimental evidence that rocks have been exchanged between mars and earth
meteorites have been found with traces of dissolved gasses on Earth that match the Martian atmosphere
Which of the following physical insults associated with impact ejection appears to cause the lowest levels of survival for Bacillus spores
shock
What is so unique about SNC meteorites
originated from Mars
Which DNA sequencing technique would you use if you had 1 million and wanted to assess all the functional genes in a microbial community
Ilumina sequencing of metagenome
to regulate the membrane fluidity under extreme cold conditions which of the following will improve flexibility
increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following is characteristic of the desiccation resistant proteins hydrophilins
contains high glycine content
Which of the following is NOT a cellular side effect of desiccation
down regulation of sucrose genes
which part of anhydrobiosis is where the cell damage appears
rehydration phase
which of the following desiccation products have been found in ancient DNA extracts
dicarbonyl compounds
which of the following is a mechanism for cells to beat the heat
reduce the number of heme/folic acid
increase MgCl
increase chain length of lipid acyl chain
how do thermophiles stabilize existing proteins in elevated temperatures
shorten peptide, increase the density of the protein hydrophobic core, increase proline
Which are challenges of living in extreme cold
lower transcription rates, increased denaturation of proteins, low enzyme actibity
In you increase the flexibility of cold-adapted enzymes its often the case that this also happens
reduce the stability of the enzyme
Which is not an effect of temperature cell
cell membrane become more rigid under elevated temperatures
Paralana hot springs is
high radiation environment
UV light causes the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. The photoproducts results in the following
fusion between two adjacent thymine nucleotides
an organism is experiencing multiple extreme environments
poly-extremophile
which of the following was the worst mass extinction event that we know of based on the number of species lost
permian triassic
which of the following asteroid class is the most abundant in our solar system
carbonaceous
