Quiz for Week 1 and 2 Flashcards
Presence of muscle and elastic fibers give arteries to important properties
elasticity
Contractility
Types of arteries
Large vessels
Elastic arteries
Such as - aorta, pulmonary artery
Types of arteries
Medium arteries
Muscular arteries
Such as -carotid, brachial, femoral arteries
Types of arteries
Arterioles: resistance vessels
Help regulate blood flow by contracting and relaxing.
Contribute the most to overall blood pressure
Smallest arteries of feed the capillaries
Types of arteries-
capillaries-functioning vessels
Tiny, millions, oxygen, and nutrient exchange done in these
Arteries
No valves
Carries blood out of the heart to the tissue
Thick walls
Oxygenated blood
High-pressure system
AO
Aorta
CIA
Common iliac artery
IIA
Internal iliac artery
EIA
External iliac artery
LEG
Defined in anatomy as a area between the knee and the ankle
Groin
Artery is lateral to vein
Popliteal
Artery is deep to vein
Calf
Artery between the veins
PPG
Photoplethysmography probe (PPG)-
A method that measures the volume change in a vessel using light
CW
Continuous wave (cw) -
A pencil probe Ultrasound transducer are used to measure blood flow
PAD- peripheral arterial disease
Lower extremity pulse points
Common femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posture tibial artery
Dorsalis Pedis artery
Dorsalis pedis - use 3 fingers for pulse
Energy gradient
A change in energy from one point to another
Kinetic E
Velocity of the blood
Potential E
Pressure
-main form of energy
-Comes in many forms such as , blood pressure and gravitational pressure
Stroke volume
-the amount pressure (70ml)
This is volume of blood pumped into the arteries and increases the pressure in the blood vessels and causes art to stretch out
Systolic pressure
The pressure at the highest measurement it occurs when the artery is at its full of stretch
“The distention”
Diastolic pressure
When the fullest point has passed, blood keeps moving due to inertia and recoil of the stretched artery wall
Diastolic pressure
When the fullest point has passed, blood keeps moving due to inertia and recoil of the stretched artery wall
Bernoulli Principle
A principal in hydrodynamics:
The pressure in a stream of fluid is reduced as the speed of flow is increased
Bernoullis Eqation
TE= KE +PE
Flow requires an energy gradient
Flow also must be able to overcome resistance
Gravitational energy = hydrostatic pressure
Energy disappears or separates in the form of heat
Poseuilles law
Help to find how much blood is moving through a blood vessel (flow)
Poiseuilles equation
Q= change in pressure from point a to b / resistance to flow
Density
The mass (weight) of fluid per its volume (quantity)
Viscosity
Thickness of blood causes a resistance to flow by the fluid in motion
Increase viscosity = syrup= decrease velocity
Decrease viscosity = water= increase velocity
Laminar
Layers
Parabolic flow profile
Bullet shaved with highest veil cities in middle and lower velocity along edge
Occurs with steady flow
Number one disease of the arteries is
Atherosclerosis-a buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (plaque)
Q
Flow
Flow separation
Separation of layers with reversal of flow direction in a wing part of the tube
Contraction
Systole
Relaxation
Distole
Pad
Is atherosclerosis in arteries away from the heart, most common in the legs
ABI
Ankle brachial index- compares the blood pressure in your arms to your pressure in your ankles
Risk factors for pad
Smoking, high blood pressure,Atherosclerosis , diabetes, high cholesterol, age above 60 years
Pencil probe has two crystals
One sends a soundwave
The other receives echoes
CW Doppler -protocol
An 8 to 10MHz Doppler Probe is usually used
Atherosclerosis major Risk factors
No control-age, male, family history of the disease
Can control-smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity
Symptoms of pad
Exercise pain(claudication)
Rest pain
Ulceration
Gangrene
Claudication
Defined as pain in the muscles upon walking a certain distance that causes a person to stop walking after stopping, the pain dissipates so the individual can walk that distance again before the pain occurs
-claudication pain never occurs just standing or sitting
Symptoms-stairs, Hills
Intermediate claudication refers to an aching pain in your legs when you walk or exercise. It goes away when you rest.
Common locations are muscles of a calf thigh, hip and buttock
Pain always occurs distill to the blockage
Gangrene
Tissue loss-typically feet/toes affected for gangrene caused by extremely reduced blood flow from pad
Necrosis-death of tissue
Wet gangrene-often secondary to infection
Very painful
Foul smell
May lead to sepsis
Dry gangrene
Sometimes nerves are so dead so pain is less
Toes may fall off
Less dangerous than wet, gang green, but still very severe
Assess the following
Color
Swelling
Lesions
Skin appearance
Pulses
Six p’s of pad
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Poikilothermic
Paresthesias
Paralysis
Pallor-pale color due to a deficient in blood supply
Rubor- dark red color due to damage, dilated vessels
Cyanosis - blue color due to a concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin
Arterial ulcers
Very painful
Feet and toes
No swelling
Abnormal sounds are called
Bruits
Bruit
The sound caused by vibrations in the tissue
At which level of the circulatory system does not exchange of oxygen,carbon dioxide and nutrients occur?
Capillaries
Why can arterioles control the resistance of the vascular bed?
They have concentric layers of smooth muscle cells
Which of the following is not an example of a large artery?
The superficial femoral arteries
Which of the following are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery?
The anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries
Exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occur, mainly at the level of… In the circulatory system?
Capillaries
Arterioles are the main control of… Of the circulatory system
Resistance
The femoral arteries, the brachial arteries and the mesenteric arteries are examples of …
Medium sized arteries
Another name of the deep femoral artery is
Profunda femoral artery
Name four major symptoms for peripheral arterial obstruction from atherosclerosis
Claudication
Rest pain
Ulcers
Gangrene
List three CW Doppler techniques that would produce an acceptable way form display
- at least 3 Consecutive way forms.
- Show baseline and adjust the gain as needed
- Eliminate artifacts.
Inertia
Tendency for the blood to stay emotion
Diastole
Arterial blood moves by its own momentum
Systole
Artery distends
Friction
A form of resistance to flow
