quiz for geological resources - for test 2 Flashcards
Syngenetic ore deposits are:
formed at the same time as the host rock
What percentage of the world’s resources, extracted every year, is later reused in the so-called ‘circular economy’?
About 10%
The relative scarcity of critical metals may hinder the use of renewable energy solutions. What two (2) solutions can address this problem?
The release of permits to mine the seafloor under strict environmental rules. +
The adoption of circular economic models, in which most materials are recycled (and recyclable)
Cheap mineral ore usually requires (choose the two correct answers):
Its mechanical and physical concentration before it is sold +
Particular ways of transporting (and exporting) the ore in large quantities
Extremophiles led in the past to the enrichment and accumulation of resources. Which type of mineral ore is associated with past extremophiles?
Iron in Banded-Iron Formations
Why do petrologists study replacement textures in minerals?
To date minerals relative to each other
Name the two processes capable of segregating minerals in a magma chamber like the one above (from Yellowstone, USA).
Crystallisation of magmas under changing temperature and pressure +
Crystallisation due to changes in crystal-volatile equilibria
Indicate which two of these are metallic minerals (nicely imaged above, for your reference, in a sample from the Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria).
Galena and Chalcopyrite
Future energy demand, accompanying population growth (as imaged above), will require:
The increasing diversification of energy sources
Which type of rock is not associated with the presence of massive sulphide deposits in ophiolites, like the one imaged above, from Cyprus?
Rhyolitic (felsic) ash
Apart from Cyprus, name two other countries in which ophiolites outcrop at the surface.
Turkey + Oman
Name two Rare Earth Elements (REEs) widely used in industry:
Cerium + Scandium
The dark streaks in the photo are accumulations of ilmenite, a Titanium-rich mineral. Placers, like the one in the photo, from SW Portugal, are:
Dissemination ore deposits
Banded-Iron Formations were deposited on very old continental margins. Name two pairs of mining provinces with this type of ore deposit.
Western Australia (Pilbara region) and Mongolia +
Iron Quadrangle (Brazil) and Congo Craton
Identify future methods to control gas emissions in high-tech industry (choose two answers).
Store CO2 in depleted oil and gas fields + Replace coal by gas and hydrogen
At present, the copper in the Bagdad City mine, Arizona, is (choose the two correct answers):
Disseminated in the country rocks of the Bagdad area +
Complemented by Rhenium as a randomly distributed (but economic) by-product
Sea water was crucial to the deposition of polymetallic ore in Neves Corvo, the largest Cu and Zn mine in Europe (imaged). Why?
Metal-bearing fluids were expelled into the water column, or were cooled down by sea water below the surface, as part of a sedimentary exhalative system (SEDEX)
Name two replacement textures in minerals (one of which is exemplified above).
Atoll textures + Concave-convex contacts
As a concept, the ‘Energy Trilemma’ reflects a three-way relationship amongst:
Affordability, Security and Environmental Impact of known energy sources
What contributed to the enrichment and movement of mineral elements around the Alston Block in the NE of England (pictured)?
The reactivation of faults above a granite batholith.
