Quiz flashcards
15/15???
The volume of air inspired or expired during normal/ quiet breathing is known as….
Tidal Volume
The volume of air remaining in the respiratory system after maximal expiration is called…
Remaining: residue
Residual Volume
The sum of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Tidal Volume (TV) and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is known as…
Definition is also the maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily exhaled at maximum effort AFTER a maximum inhalation.
Vital Capacity
The additional volume of air that is forcefully expired AFTER a normal quiet expiration is known as…
Additional: reserved
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The additional volume of air that is inspired AFTER a normal/ quiet inspiration is known as…
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air remaining in the lungs AFTER a quiet exhalation is called…
How much you need to still be able to “function”
Functional Residual Capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be INHALED AFTER a quiet exhalation is called…
When capacity think MAXIMUM
Inspiratory Capacity
The sum of Vital Capacity (VC) and Residual Volume (RV) is called…
Total Lung Capacity
What is pulse oximetry?
What device is used to indirectly measure it?
A noninvasive method for monitoring a person’s oxygen saturation.
A pulse oximeter.
What is the normal range of SpO2 for healthy adults?
94-99%
- What is the avg resting IRV for males and females?
- What is average resting ERV for males and females?
- What is the avg resting TV?
- M: 3000ml F: 1900ml
- M: 1100ml F: 700ml
- 500ml
What does the colour of your urine indicate?
- Very light yellow: sign of overhydration
- Dark yellow: sign of dehydration
A commonly ordered panel of tests on a sample of urine is called….
Urinalysis
What can urinalysis evaluate?
- Kidney Failure
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diabetes Insipidus
- UTIs
- Kidney/ ureteral stones
- Genitourinary malignancy in males
- Acid base disorders
- Rhabdomyolysis
What are the three categories of information one can gather from urinalysis?
- Gross inspection
- Dipstick/ Microstix test
- Urine microscopy
What can gross inspection observe?
Urine colour and clarity/ turbidity
What variables can be measured using dipstick/ microstix test strips?
- Leukocyte esterase
- Nitrite
- Urobilinogen
- Protein
- pH
- Heme/ blood
- Specific gravity
- Ketones
- Bilirubin
- Glucose
What does turbidity of urine mean and what does turbid urine indicate?
- Determines if urine is cloudy or clear
- May indicate UTI, dehydration, or kidney disease
What does specific gravity measure and what is the normal range for it?
- Measures the amount of solutes in the solution
- 1.001- 1.035
The condition of having elevated of glucose in urine is called…
The presence of protein in the urine is called…
The presence of ketones in the urine is called….
The presence of blood in the urine is called…
- Glycoseria
- Proteinuria
- Ketonuria
- Hematuria
Specific gravity above normal range can be caused from….
Specific gravity below normal range can be caused from….
- Dehydration, SIADH, glycosuria and proteinuria
- Excessive hydration, diabetes insipidus and ATN
What is acidemia and its effect on urine pH?
What can cause acidemia?
- Low blood pH causing high acidity urine
- Hypoventilation, excess production of lactate or ketones, high protein diet
What is alkalemia and its effect on urine pH?
What can cause alkalemia?
- High blood pH causing excess alkalinity in urine
- Hyperventilation, alkaline therapy, chronic cystitis, distal RTA, and some UTIs
True or false: Presence of turbid urine alone can be used as a diagnostic tool
FALSE: not alone but can be considered
True or false: Urine pH cannot diagnose a disease due to too many factors affecting it
TRUE
Hyperglycemia and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to…
Glycosuria (elevated glucose levels in urine)
What are some possible causes of hematuria?
- UTIs
- Glomerulonephritis
- Kidney stones
- Cancers of urinary tract
- Prostatitis
- Physical trauma
What protein is the urine dipstick most sensitive to?
Albumin
What can high level of ketone in the urine indicate?
What are some reasons for this?
- Ketoacidosis
- Main reason: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (type II)
- Alcoholism, starvation, strict KETOgenic diets
What is leukocyte esterase and its function?
- Enzyme released by leukocytes and used as a qualitative measure of WBCs in urinary tract
What do nitrites specifically detect?
UTIs
True or False: A negative nitrite test means there is NO bacterial UTI
FALSE: There are no bacteria that can convert nitrate to nitrite but there can still be other bacterias
What can indicate liver disease or greatly increased bilirubin production from hemolysis?
Urobilinogen
What can indicate infection of the liver or exposure to chemicals toxic to the liver?
Bilirubin
What can cause proteinuria?
Glomerular disease/ Glomerulonephritis
How can nitrites be detected in the urine?
If it contains the enzyme nitratase which breaks down nitrate to nitrite
