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Chemistry > Quiz December 7th > Flashcards

Quiz December 7th Flashcards

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1
Q

What does colligative mean?

A

Depending on the amount of substance, not the identity

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2
Q

What are some colligative properties? (4)

A

Osmotic pressure, freezing point lowering, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering

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3
Q

What is vapor pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a vapor

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4
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

Can evaporate easily, low boiling point

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5
Q

What does nonvolatile mean?

A

Cannot evaporate easily

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6
Q

Vapor pressure is lowered when ________ substance is added

A

nonvolatile

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7
Q

vapor pressure over a liquid is a result of

A

dynamic equilibrium

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8
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

When the rate at which the vapor molecules return to liquid form, is equal to rate at which liquid molecules evaporate

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9
Q

Vapor pressure over the solution with a non-volatile solute, is always _______ than the vapor pressure above the pure solvent

A

less

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10
Q

What does Raoult’s law state?

A

the vapor pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent

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11
Q

What does Dalton’s law state?

A

The total pressure is equal to the partial pressure of each of the gases in the mixture

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12
Q

It is _______ to freeze and to boil solutions with nonvolatile solutes

A

more difficult, harder

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13
Q

If a solution has a nonvolatile solute added, the vapor pressure _________

A

lowers

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14
Q

In osmosis, the solvent…

A

goes from an area of higher solvent concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area of lower solvent concentration (higher solute concentration)

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15
Q

hydrostatic pressure is equal to ______ ______

A

osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

the sum of molarity of independent particles

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17
Q

If the osmolarity of 2 substances is equal,

A

they have the same vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure

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18
Q

What is a non-electrolyte?

A

A substance that dissolves in molecular form

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19
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A substance that dissociates in a solution (produces ions)

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20
Q

Solution of _________, show greater differences than solutions of ___________

A

Electrolytes, non-electrolytes

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21
Q

If the solute concentration outside of the cell is greater than inside the cells it is ________ and water moves _______ the cell. _______ occurs

A

hypertonic, outside. Crenation

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22
Q

If the solute concentration outside of the cell is LESS than inside of the cell, it is _________. Water moves ________ the cell. ________ occurs.

A

Hypotonic. Into. Hemolysis

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23
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

destruction of red blood cells

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24
Q

What is crenation?

A

cell shrinking

25
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

applying pressure to the solution, so the solvent moves from the more concentrated side to the other side

26
Q

What is reverse osmosis often used for?

A

To get pure water from salt water

27
Q

What is a colloid?

A

stable system of two phases, with one dispersed in the other; cannot be easily separated

28
Q

What are some examples of colloids?

A

Marshmallow (solid foam), aerosol (fog), whipped cream (foam)

29
Q

What is the Tyndall effect?

A

Colloidal suspensions can scatter rays of light

30
Q

Example of a colloid in a biological system

A

Sodium stearate (emulsifies fat in aqueous solutions), soap (non-biological)

31
Q

What is a reaction rate?

A

The speed of a chemical reaction

32
Q

_________ changes in chemical reactions.

A

Concentrations

33
Q

Reaction rate is equal to

A

the change of molar concentration over time

34
Q

What is collision theory?

A

With enough energy and the right orientation, molecules can form products when they collide

35
Q

What makes a collision ineffective?

A

Not enough energy

36
Q

Activation energy is

A

the minimum required energy to make a reaction occur

37
Q

If there is low activation energy, the reaction is ______

A

fast

38
Q

If there is high activation energy, the reaction is ______

A

slow

39
Q

What are 5 factors that effect reaction rates?

A

Temperature, chemical identity, particle size, concentration, catalysts

40
Q

How does the particle size influence a reaction rate?

A

Depending on the size of the particles, there is more area for particles to react in more places and more frequently

41
Q

How does temperature effect reaction rates?

A

In higher temperatures, reactions happen more quickly… particles move faster

42
Q

How do catalysts effect reaction rates?

A

Catalysts make reactions follow a different pathway so less activation energy is needed

43
Q

Catalysts are ___ consumed in the reaction

A

not

44
Q

Enzymes are special __________

A

Biocatalysts

45
Q

Enzymes are catalysts, but…..

A

Not all catalysts are enzymes

46
Q

What is a special/elementary reaction?

A

A reaction that occurs in one step (uncommon)

47
Q

What is the order of reactions?

A

the number of particles that should collide at the same time and place to react with eachother

48
Q

concept of equilibrium is also called a

A

reversible reaction

49
Q

Equilibrium is when

A

a reaction and it’s reverse reaction happen at the same rate

50
Q

once equilibrium is reached, the amount of products and reactants ______ _________

A

remain constant

51
Q

In the equilibrium constant,

A

K has no unit

52
Q

What is stoichiometry?

A

balancing

53
Q

if K > 1

A

There is more product at equilibrium

54
Q

if K

A

There is more reactant at equilibrium

55
Q

Adding heats shifts the equilibrium in the ______ direction

A

Endothermic

56
Q

What are factors that effect equilibrium?

A

The Haber process and Le Chatelier’s Principle

57
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

A

if stress is applied, the equilibrium will shift in a way that relieves stress

58
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

creation of ammonia

Chemistry (9 decks)

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