Quiz B Flashcards
What is physiology
is the study of human body function, from activities of individuals cells to functiohn of the various bodily systems such as the cardiovascular etc and how they integrate.
Whats excercise physiology
study of how a single bout of excercise (acute) and repeted bouts of excercise (chronic) impact cells tissues and organ systems in the body.
Gives an understanding why youd use a specific intervention (excercise, nutrition, etc)
what is excersie
the systemic aplication of force to the human body.
intesity, volume, speed, of this force will dictate the stress put on the body (acute response) and thus the physiological adaptations (chronic response) it will undergo.
Nutrition, environment and genetics also regulate how the body adapts.
pre-screening
evidence-based system for identifying and managing health risks for exercise.
informed consent
why do we pre-screen
to identify individuals with known disease and or signs or symptoms of disease, who may be higher risk to unfortunate event due to exercise resulting in ill health, physical harm or death.
when do we pre-screen
- Beginning an exercise program from sedentary or low baseline.
- Significantly upgrading an excercise program especially when the intensity is elevated substantially.
- When personal health status changes significantly.
How do we pre-screen
Stage 1 - compulsory, ind should seek guidance from health prof before commencing pa.
Stage 2+3 - optional administered by qualified health prof. Assess risk.
Information obtained useful in establishing/modifying pa/exercise program.
substrate
fuel sources from which we make energy (ATP), carbs, protein, fat
bioenergetics
the flow of energy in a biological system; process of converting substrates into energy
metabolism
the total of all chemical reactions (cata and ana) that occur in the body
catabolism
the breakdoen of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy.
anabolism
the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules; can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reactions
exergonic reactions
energy-releasing reactions that are generally catabolic.
endergonic reactions
require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle
coupled reactions
liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction
what is exercise (LEC 2)
movement, occurs through the nervous system sending electrical signals to specific muscles telling them to form cross bridge and shorten.
The shortening of muscle pulls on tendons which in turn pulls on bones that cause the rotation of our skeleton around the joints of the body (this is movement).
ATP needed to create cross-bridge.
During exercise when ATP in high demand body needs to constantly create ATP.
what signals the actin and myosin to overlap?
Activation of the troponin complex by calcium leads to binding between actin and myosin and contraction of the sarcomere.
neuromuscular junction
the interface between the end of the mylinated motorneuron and muscle fibre.
Function = transmit nerve impulses to muscle fibers each muscle fiber usually has one neuromuscular junction.
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 1)
Generation of an action
potential in the motor neuron causes
release of ACH at terminal axon. This
opens sodium and potassium gates
depolarizes the cell. Electrical –
Chemical - Electrica
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 2)
The muscle action potential
depolarizes the transverse tubules at
the sarcomere’s A–I junction
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 3)
Depolarization of the T-tubule
system causes Ca release from the
lateral sacs (terminal cister-nae) of
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 4)
Calcium binds to troponin-
tropomyosin. This stops tropomyosin
from preventing myosin binding with
myosin binding sites on actin
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 5)
Actin combines with myosin-atp and
splits ATP via myosin-ATPase. The
reaction from this breakdown produces
myosin crossbridge movement and the
muscle shortens.
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 6)
ATP binds to the myosin crossbridge;
this breaks the actin–myosin bond and
allows the crossbridge to dissociate
from actin. The thick and thin filament
then slide past each other, and the
muscle shortens
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 7)
Crossbridge activation continues when Ca concentration remains high enough from membrane depolarization to inhibit the troponin - tropomyosin system.
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 8)
when uscle stimulation ceases, intracellular Ca concentration rapidly decreases as Ca moves back into the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulujm through active transport that requires ATP hydrolysis.
Sliding Filament Theory (Step 9)
Ca removal restores the inhibitory action of troponin-tropomyosin. In the presence of ATP, actin and myosin remian in the dissociates, relaxes state.
what’s cellular respiration
when the energy systems of the body convert
macronutrients – carbohydrates, fats and
proteins (which contain chemical energy), into
biologically usable forms of energy i.e. ATP.
Occurs in 3 main stages glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.
