Quiz Arterial and Venous Systems

Question 1

What tissues make up the wall of an artery?

Answer 1

endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue

Question 2

What are the 3 different tissue layers in the wall of an artery?

Answer 2

intima, media, adventitia

Question 3

What tissues make up the wall of an arteriole?

Answer 3

endothelium, smooth muscle

Question 4

What tissues make up the wall of a vein?

Answer 4

endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue

Question 5

What is the primary function of the arterial system?

Answer 5

distribution of blood to the capillary systems in the body

Question 6

What part of the vascular system regulates the flow of blood to the various capillary beds?

Answer 6

Arterioles

Question 7

Where is the lowest pressure in the vascular system as blood travels from the aorta back to the right atrium?

Answer 7

Right Atrium

Question 8

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 8

PP= Systolic BP - Diastolic BP

Question 9

What formula can be used to estimate mean arterial pressure?

Answer 9

MAP = P diastolic + 1/3 (P systolic - P diastolic)

Question 10

What are some of the changes in the arterial waveform as blood travels distally to the extremities?

Answer 10

look at slides

Question 11

In a healthy individual, would you expect a higher or lower systolic blood pressure reading in the foot as compared to the aorta?

Answer 11

Higher

Question 12

How does the arterial system convert pulsatile bloodflow to continuous bloodflow at the level of the capillaries? What is the advantage of continuous blood flow at the capillary level?

Answer 12

Hydraulic filtering converts the intermittent output of the heart to a steady flow in the capillaries

Question 13

Does the heart have to work harder to pump blood through rigid vessels?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What are some of the factors that affect pulse pressure?

Answer 14

Stroke Volume, Compliance

Question 15

Why do our arteries become stiffer as we get older?

Answer 15

become less compliant due to loss of elastic tissue

Question 16

What are the primary functions of the veins?

Answer 16

-Reservoir for the cardiovascular system
70% of the blood volume may be stored in the veins

-Venous pump helps propel blood forward
Enhances venous return

Question 17

What factors regulate CVP?

Answer 17

• A balance of the heart to pump blood out of the right atrium and right ventricle into the lungs
• The tendency for blood to flow from the peripheral veins to the right atrium (venous return)

Question 18

What factors increase CVP?

Answer 18

-Decreased Cardiac Output
-Increase in Total Blood Volume
-Venous Constriction
-Gravity
Standing to supine position
-Arterial Dilation
-Respiratory Activity
Increased rate and rate of respiration
-Skeletal Muscle Pump
Exercise

Question 19

When a person is standing where would you find the highest venous pressures in the body? Where would you find the lowest venous pressures in the body?

Answer 19

Feet

Sagittal Sinus (Head)

Question 20

What is a major risk of performing neurosurgery in the sitting position?

Answer 20

Air Embolism

Question 21

How does respiration affect venous return?

Answer 21

-Spontaneous respiration
Decreased intra-thoracic pressure results in a decreased right atrial pressure which enhances venous return

-Mechanical ventilation
Increased intra-thoracic pressure during positive-pressure lung inflation causes increased right atrial pressure which decreases venous return

-Valsalva Maneuver
Causes a large increase in intra-thoracic pressure which impedes venous return to the right atrium

Question 22

How much of the total blood volume is normally found in the venous system?

Answer 22

70%

Question 23

Where are some of the major venous blood reservoirs in the body?

Answer 23

Specific Reservoirs

• Spleen
• Liver
• Large abdominal veins
• Venous plexus beneath the skin

Question 24

Why are the arterioles called the “stopcocks” of the circulation?

Answer 24

Regulate flow into the capillaries

Question 25

What are some of the characteristics of the capillaries that make them ideal for nutrient and fluid exchange with the surrounding tissues?

Answer 25

greatest cross sectional area, greatest surface area

Question 26

Do the walls of capillaries contain smooth muscle?

Answer 26

NO

Question 27

Why can capillaries withstand high intravascular pressures?

Answer 27

LaPlace’s Law, tiny radius, low wall tension

Question 28

What are some of the mechanisms of exchange across the capillary endothelium?

Answer 28

Diffusion, Bulk Flow, Vesicular Transport

Question 29

Is the permeability of the capillary endothelium the same in all the tissues of the body?

Answer 29

NO

Question 30

What are the 2 major body fluid compartments?

Answer 30

Intracellular Fluid (40%)
Extracellular Fluid (20%)

Question 31

Approximately what percentage of body weight is made up of total body water?

Answer 31

60% ICF+ECF

Question 32

What percentage makes up each of the 2 major body fluid compartments?

Answer 32

ICF (40%)

ECF (20%)

Question 33

If you gave a person 1 liter of intravenous normal saline (0.9% NaCl) how would it distribute over the various fluid compartments?

Answer 33

see slides

Question 34

If you gave a person 1 liter of intravenous 0.5% dextrose how would it distribute over the various fluid compartments?

Answer 34

see slides