QUIZ AND EXAM 1 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Primary sex organ in the female
A
Ovary
2
Q
Animals with Bicornuate uterus
A
Sow, Cow, Mare, Bitch, Queen
3
Q
Animals with duplex uterus
A
Marsupials and rabbits
4
Q
Animal with simplex uterus
A
Primates
5
Q
Scar tissue from the regressed corpus luteum
A
Corpus albicans
6
Q
A follicle that fails to ovulate
A
Atretic follicle
7
Q
The remnants of a recently ovulated tertiary follicle
A
corpus hemorrhagicum
8
Q
The function of the infundibulum is to direct the recently ovulated oocyte(s) directly into the
uterus.
A
False; oviduct
9
Q
Going from the outside (exterior) to the inside, which of the following sequences is correct?
A
Vulva, cervix, oviduct, ovary
10
Q
Which follicle is most likely to ovulate?
A
Tertiary (Graafian Follicle)
11
Q
What are the two functions of the testis?
A
Make spermatozoa and testosterone
12
Q
The pampiniform plexus
A
Is located in the spermatic cord and Functions to regulate body temperatures in the testes
13
Q
The greatest concentration of spermatozoa storage occurs in which structure?
A
Cauda epididymis
14
Q
Going from inside to outside, which sequence is correct in the male reproductive tract?
A
Caput epididymis, Corpus epididymis, Cauda epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens
15
Q
What are the structure in the male sex accessory gland?
A
Seminal vesicle, Bulbourethral gland, Prostate Gland
16
Q
The Fallopian Tube is another name for the
A
Oviduct
17
Q
What are the 5 functions of the uterus?
A
1 Sperm Transport
- Luteolysis & control cycles
- Provide environment for pre-attachment embryo
- Maternal contribute to placenta
- Expulsion of fetus & placenta
18
Q
The section of the broad ligament that suspends the uterus is the
A
Mesometrium
19
Q
Of the following male reproductive structures, which one does NOT contribute to the production of seminal plasma, the liquid part of semen?
A
Penile Urethra
20
Q
The ampulla in the males of some species is an enlarged section of the:
A
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
21
Q
Which muscle in the male is NOT related to the pelvic urethra and penis?
A
Cremaster Muscle
22
Q
The glans penis in the male is analogous to which structure in the female
A
Clitoris
23
Q
The presence of the cytoplasmic droplets on the tail of the spermatozoa collected for artificial
insemination is an indicator of what?
A
Too frequent collections of semen, Immature spermatozoa in the collection, Potentially reduced fertility of the semen
24
Q
Which cell in the testes produces the male hormone, testosterone?
A
Leydig cell
25
Which structure in the spermatic cord does NOT help regulate scrotal body temperature?
Tunica alberginea
26
Zona pellucida
A thick membrane that surrounds the oocyte (egg) prior to ovulation.
27
Myometrium
Middle, smooth muscle layer of the uterus, Responsible for contraction of the uterus
28
Flehman response
Curling upwards of upper lips to expose vomeronasal organ which senses pheromones.
29
Blastocyst
An early embryo which is made up of inner cell mass.
30
Ovarian Fossa
In the mare, a conspicuous depression in the ovary where the mare ovulates “internally”
31
α (alpha) feto-protein
– A fetal protein in the female that binds to estradiol and/or testosterone and prevents it from crossing the blood brain barrier; protects the female
from developing male hormonal patterns in the brain.
32
Cauda epididymis
The tail of the epididymis, the primary sperm storage
33
What are the 5 structures that maintain temperature of the testes?
1. Scrotal skin has many sweat glands which provides for evaporative cooling.
2. Tunica dartos- a layer under the scrotal skin with smooth muscle, under higher temperature will cause the scotal skin to wrinkle and increase surface area for greater cooling.
3. Pampiniform plexus – the spermatic artery entering the scrotum is surrounded by a network of spermatic veins leaving the scrotum. Blood entering the scrotum is cooled due to heat exchange between the arterial blood and cooler venous blood returning to the body.
4. Cremaster muscle – the cremaster muscle will raise and lower the testes depending on the temperature.Muscle contracts and pulls the scrotum closer to the body.
5. Close relationships between temperature sensing receptors in the scrotum and the temperature sensitive regions of the hypothalamus in the brain. Can stimulate
behaviors such as panting, seeking shelter, others to cool down the testes.
34
Name the three different germ layers and give two specialized organs or tissues that derive from the germ layers
Endoderm- Digestive System & Respiratory System (lungs, larynx)
Mesoderm- Heart, Blood Vessel, Urinary System (kidneys)
Ectoderm- Skin, Hair
35
Compare and contrast Scrotum and labia majora
Alike: Both are derived from the genital swellings during development (both are external genitalia.
Different: In the male, the genital swelling fuse to make the scrotum. In the female, the
genital swellings do not fuse and remain open to form the labia majora (the major lips)
36
Compare and contrasteMale Pronucleus and Female Pronucleus
Alike: Both are haploid nuclei, products of meiosis
Different: the male pronucleus contains either the X or Y chromosome forms from the sperm head after the sperm penetrates the oocyte.. The female pronucleus contains only the X chromosome
37
COmpare and contrast mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct
Alike: Both are found in the early embryo
Different: The male structures (epididymis, ductus deferens.The paramesonephric duct (Mullerian Duct) give rise to the oviduct, uterine horns, uterine
body, cervix and posterior vagina in the female.
38
Compare and contrast Sertoli cells and Leydig cells
Alike: Both are cells found in the testes, both secrete hormones.
Different: Sertoli cells are “nurse” cells involved in spermatogenesis; they secrete AMH to
cause Leydig Cells to grow during development. Leydig Cells are interstitial cells that
secrete testosterone.
39
Compare and contrast Muscular-vascular vs. fibro-elastic.
Alike: Both describe types of penises.
Different: The muscular-vascular penis, stiffens but also increases in diameter, found in men, stallions. The fibro-elastic penis stiffens and lengthens without an increase in
diameter, found in ruminants.
40
During dog mating, the “tie” is when the male and female cannot be separated. Which male structure engorges with blood and prevents the penis from removed
Bulbus Gland
41
Which muscle in the male is NOT related to the pelvic urethra and penis?
Cremaster Muscle
42
Going from inside to outside, which sequence of structures, is correct
Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus, uterus
43
During normal ejaculation in the ram sperm exit the body after following these structures, from inside to outside?
Cauda epididymis, ductus deferens, penile urethra, urethral process
44
The type characterized by a uterine body without any
| uterine horns is known as the ____________uterus:
Simplex
45
The type characterized by two separate cervices is
| known as the ____________ uterus:
Duplex
46
Which structure is NOT considered to be part of the spermatic cord?
Seminal Vesicle
47
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)?
Oxytocin
48
Which best describes the corpus hemorrhagicum?
The remnants of a recently ovulated tertiary follicle
49
The function of the infundibulum is to direct the recently ovulated oocyte(s) directly into the
oviduct
True
50
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus, released into the median eminence and stimulates the release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH, from the adenohypophysis
True
51
Spermatozoa are fertile when they leave the testicular seminiferous tubules
False; Spermatozoa are not fully fertile until they reach the cauda epididymis
52
The neurohypophysis originates as Rathke’s pouch from the roof of the mouth.
False; The adenohypophysis comes from Rathke’s pouch.
53
Why removal of the ovary resulted in an increase in LH levels, almost immediately following ovariectomy (dashed line) in the prepubertal lambs?
Removal of the ovary without hormone replacement results in an immediate rise in LH. There is no longerany negative feedback of estradiol from the ovary on the hypothalamus and GnRH increases and thus LH increases.
54
Why is there a delay in the increase in LH levels in those ovariectomized lambs that were treated with Estradiol implants (solid line)
Llambs that were ovariectomized and treated with Estradiol implants, the negative feedback of the estradiol in the prepubertal lambs was maintained. As the lambs reached the age and/or weight of puberty the same amount of estradiol was no longer capable of turning off the hypothalamus, and as a result GnRH increases, and LH rose.
55
Explain how puberty is regulated by the “gonadostat.” What other external factors can influence the
onset of puberty?
As both males and females reach the age of puberty, lose the sensitivity to negative feedback effects of small doses of estradiol and testosterone. Other factors that influence puberty are nutrition (fatness), genetics (breed differences), social cues (presence of other females and/or the male
56
Menopause
Permanent stop to menstrual cycles brought about by depletion of ovarian follicles in primates and women.
57
Amenorrhea
Absence of or abnormal cyclicity in primates as manifested by lack of menses or menstrual cycles.
58
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin; Important to the regulation of seasonal breeding
59
Hyperemia
Excessive or increased blood flow to an organ or region of the body.
60
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Cyclic
a cycle nucleotide that serves as a“second messenger” for protein hormone action; created from ATP.
61
Atresia
Degeneration of ovarian follicles before ovulation; follicular “death”
62
Corpus hemorrhagicum
A small blood clot that results from rupture of blood vessels during ovulation
63
Estrus
The period of sexual receptivity in the female, “heat”
64
Embryonic diapause
Delayed implantation when the embryo (blastocyst) maintained in a dormant state. Two kinds
65
Superfecundation
Fertilization of two or more ova during the same estrus by sperm from different males. Resulting in multiple breeds in one litter.
66
Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
GnRH
67
Prevents uterine contractions and maintains uterine quiescence during pregnancy
Progesterone
68
Causes regression of the Mullerian Duct structures during sexual differentiation in the male.
Anti-Mullerian Hormone
69
Causes luteal regression (luteolysis) at the end of the estrous cycle in the cow
PGF2α
70
Inhibits secretion of LH during the luteal phase and during pregnancy in the sheep
Progesterone
71
A glycoprotein hormone from the follicle that selectively inhibits the secretion of FSH. From the anterior pituitary
Inhibin
72
Differentiates the male brain during fetal life such that there is a characteristically "male" pattern of gonadotropin secretion.
Estradiol
73
Stimulates the surge center of the hypothalamus and causes the positive feedback effects that results in the
preovulatory surge of LH in the female.
Estradiol
74
Stimulates female sexual behavior during estrus in cattle.
Estradiol
75
Responsible for recruitment of primary follicles from the resting stage into the early growing stage (selection)
of folliculogenesis
FSH
76
Secreted by the pineal gland in response to changes in day length in seasonal breeders
Melatonin
77
Inhibits the secretion of GnRH in the male
Testosterone
78
Stimulates the conversion of the indifferent external genitalia into the typical male external genital
structures (e.g. scrotum, penis)
DHT
79
The increase in this hormone begins the process that results in the rupture of the preovulatory follicle at
ovulation
LH
80
Responsible for directly stimulating GnRH release from the surge and tonic centers of the hypothalamus
Kisspeptin
81
All steroid hormones are derived from this compound
Cholesterol
82
The two cell - two gonadotropin model is critical for the understanding of steroidogenesis in the dominant preovulatory follicle. Explain this model in terms of cells involved; gonadotropins involved, steroids produced, Don’t forget the precursors of the steroid hormones.
The theca interna and the granulosa cells are the “cells” in the “Two-cell – Two gonadotropin model”.
The two gonadotropins are FSH and LH. As the dominant
follicle is preparing for estradiol secretion during proestrus, LH binds to its receptor on the membrane of the theca interna. The binding of LH to its receptor activates adenlyate cyclase which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). The cAMP acting as a second messenger activates the protein kinase. Preovulatory LH surge, the granulosal cells begin to up regulate and create large numbers of LH receptors on the granulosal cell membranes. These LH receptors will respond to the Preovulatory LH surge and begin the process of luteinization.
83
What are the 8 reasons why females are anestrus
1. Gestational anestrus – during pregnancy, while progesterone is elevated, the hypothalamus (surge and
tonic centers are shut down and the animals do not cycle.)
2. Prior to puberty – due to hypersensitivity of the hypothalamus to the negative feedback effects of
estradiol, the hypothalamus prior to puberty, the female shows no estrous cycles.
3. Seasonal Anestrus (short day breeders) Short day breeders are anestrus in the spring and summer.
4. Seasonal Anestrus (long day breeders). Long day breeders are in anestrus in fall and winter.
5. Postpartum Anestrus – in many species the presence of the offspring and lactation can cause anestrus.
6. Nutritional Anestrus – when the animal is starved or lacking nutrition, the reproductive system can go into
anestrus.
7. Other stress such as environmental (heat) stress can cause anestrus.
8. Pathological anestrus – disease factors can cause anestrus
84
Describe the steps of oogenesis in the female, starting with the primordial germ cells after they have migrated from the yolk sac to the site of the future ovary. Name the cell types,the types of cell divisions, when the cell divisions stop and start, and the various stimuli which start the cell division.
Oogenesis begins with the development of primordial germ cells in the embryo. Primordial germ cells divide mitotically forming oogonia. Oogonia divide and form primary oocytes that enter the first meiotic prophase. At the end of the meiotic prophase the nuclear material is arrested. The primary oocytes becomes dormant.
At puberty the female begins to cycle and ovulate. The preovulatory LH surge allows the arrested first meiotic division to be lifted but only in the dominant follicle destined to ovulate that cycle. Completion of meiosis I results in the formation of the secondary oocyte and the first polar body. Meiosis II does not occur unless a spermatozoa enters the oocyte.
If fertilization takes place, the second meiosis is completed, forming the haploid ootid and the second polar body. The ootid forms the female haploid pronucleus and the sperm head forms the male haploid pronucleus. They fuse to form the one cell diploid zygote
85
Compare and contrast First polar body and Second polar body
Alike: Both are bodies containing residual DNA formed during meiosis in the female.
Different: The first polar body is formed at the end of meiosis I The second polar is formed at the end of meiosis II
86
Compare and contrast Up regulation and Down regulation
Alike: Regulation of hormone receptors on target tissues.
Down Regulate: when hormone receptor density is reduced, the tissue is less responsive to the hormone stimulus.
Up Regulate: when the hormone receptor density is increased or the numbers of hormone receptors are
increased on the tissue, making the tissue hyper responsive to the hormone stimulus.
87
Compare and contrast Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
Alike: Both refer to the pituitary gland
Different: The adenohypophysis is the anterior lobe and has no direct connection to the hypothalamus. It is
controlled by the hypothalamus through the release of various releasing hormones that enter the blood at the
median eminence of the hypothalamus.
The neurohypophysis is the posterior lobe of the pituitary and has a direct connection to the hypothalamus
via the pituitary stalk. Hormones released from the posterior lobe travel down axons from the hypothalamus.
88
Compare and contrast Monestrus and Polyestrus
Alike: Both describe species that have estrous cycles.
Different: Monestrus is a term that describes animals with a single estrous cycle in a year (e.g. Dog, Fox, Wolf)
Polyestrus refers to animals which have continuous estrous cycles.
89
Compare and contrast Proliferative phase of the Menstrual Cycle and Secretory Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Alike: Both refer to changes in endometrial thickness of the uterus in primates.
Different: The proliferative phase, after sloughing off, the endometrial thickness increases in response to
estradiol.
The secretory phase is the phase when the endometrium prepares for increased secretory activity in response
to progesterone in preparation for pregnancy.
90
Describe these Ovulation Include in your answer, changes to the oocyte, the cumulus layer, the follicle wall and to the preovulatory follicle, in general. Include what agents may be responsible for stimulating or causing
these changes.
The preovulatory LH surges causes ovulation. The elevated LH causes several changes that results in the
rupture of the follicle and ovulation.
1. Increased hyperemia (blood flow) to the follicle. The follicle “plumps”.
2. Cumulus expansion – the oocyte surrounded by the cumulus cells break free from the base of the follicle.
3. The LH surge stimulates a variety of protein and other synthesis
4. Plasminogen Activator is synthesized
5. Prostaglandin F2α and E2 are synthesized. PGE2 activates Plasminogen Activator which converts
plasminogen to plasmin.
Histamine and PGE2 stimulate increased blood flow to the ovary and follicle, increasing vascular
permeability and with it comes increased amounts of plasminogen in the follicular fluid.
In response to progesterone increase, inactive collagenase increases. Plasmin activates collagenase.
Active collagenase breaks down and weakens the follicular wall.
The combination of the edema and increased follicular pressure, the collagenase weakening the follicular
wall and the PGF2α causing smooth contraction in the wall of the follicle results in a weakening of the
follicle and rupture of the egg and the cumulus mass.
91
The release of sperm from the Sertoli Cells into the lumen of seminiferous tubules.
Spermiation
92
Round haploid (1n) male germ cell before it undergoes differentiation
Spermatid
93
The male gamete containing a head, neck piece and a flagellum.
Spermatozoa
94
Located in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule, the most primitive of the adult
male germ cells, undergoes mitosis to replace itself.
Spermatogonia
95
The male germ cell in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule, in which meiosis
begins.
Spermatocyte
96
The transition of round haploid (1n) male germ cells into highly specialized sperm cells.
Spermiogenesis
97
The collection of tissues containing the testicular artery and vein, the pamipiniform plexus,
cremaster muscle, ductus deferens, connecting the scrotum with the abdominal cavity.
Spermatic Cord
98
Just like in the cow, the human uterus releases prostaglandin F2α to cause the regression of
corpus luteum
False In women, luteolysis is caused by PGF2α that comes directly from the ovary. The endometrium does produce PGF2α but this is responsible for menstruation.
99
Large luteal cells are derived from the granulosa cells.
True; Small luteal cells are from the theca interna.
100
Growth of dominant follicles during the follicular wave leading to ovulation is FSH dependent.
False The early part of follicular recruitment and selection are FSH dependent.LH is the hormone required for the selection, growth and development of the dominant pre-ovulatory follicle.
101
T/F Resumption of meiosis II (second meiosis) in the oocyte in most females takes place as a result of the preovulatory LH surge.
False Resumption of meiosis I (first meiosis) in the oocyte in most females take place in response to the preovulatory LH surge. Resumption of meiosis II (second
meiosis) takes place following fertilization and the entry of the sperm into the nucleus.
102
T/F When the corpus luteum is forming after ovulation, the small luteal cells undergo a process of hyperplasia, which means increasing cell numbers.
True; large luteal cells undergo hypertrophy (increased cell size).
103
Sertoli Cell
nurtures spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells contain FSH receptors and produce a wide variety of
materials and hormones. Creates the blood testis barrier through tight junctions.
104
Blood Testis Barrier
The specialized permeability barrier consisting of primarily of multiple junctional complexes (tight junctions) between Sertoli Cells that divides the seminiferous epithelium into the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment.
105
Acrosome
A membrane-bound organelle of the spermatozoon that covers the anterior one third to one half of the nucleus
106
Before the spermatozoa can fertilize an egg, it must undergo a process in the female reproductive tract,
called _____ which means to acquire the ability to fertilize an egg.
Capacitation
107
During the process of fertilization, a sperm must pass through three barriers.
Cumulus cells, zona pellucida and vitelline membrane
108
The spermatozoa use enzymes released from the
| _____ to help it penetrate these barriers.
Acrosome
109
During the passage through
the site of deposition to the site of fertilization, the spermatozoa’s motility pattern changes from
____, progressive motility to a _____ frenzied, circular
motion that helps the sperm penetrate the ova.
Linear to hyperactivity
110
Once the sperm attaches to the membrane of the egg
| the _______ granules are released.
Cortical
111
These granules cause a hardening of the
_____ which prevents______ , which results in
polyploidy and can be lethal to the egg .
Zona pellucida prevents polyspermy
112
Once the sperm attaches to the egg, meiosis II is completed resulting in the extrusion of the _____ into the perivitelline space.
Second polar body
113
Next the male and female _____, each containing one half of the chromosomes, form and migrate to each other and fuse in a process called______.
Pronuclei fusing syngamy
114
Dystocia
Difficult birthing, can be due to large fetus, small cervical opening, large head or malpositioning.
115
Mastitis
Inflammation and/or infection of mammary glands. Caused by unsanitary conditions.
116
Pyometra
a uterine infection, often symptoms are a large, fluid filled uterus
117
Paraphimosis
a condition where the penis cannot be retracted. Usually in dogs
118
Cryptorchidism
genetic condition where one or both of testes fail to descend. Infertility
