quiz 8 Flashcards
what is a protist
a eukaryotic organism that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungi.
what is the difference between endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis ?
Endosymbiosis certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells, which become endosymbionts
Eukaryotes engulfed an aerobic alpha proteobacterium mitochondria
Heterotrophic eukaryotes engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium chloroplast/plastids
Secondary endosymbiosis is which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell,
what is algae
algae are photosynthesis prokaryotes
what is the functional nutritional diversity of euukaryotes ?
Photoautotrophs: contain chloroplasts/plastids
Heterotrophs: absorb organic molecules or ingest larger molecules/prey
Mixotrophs are organisms capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy
Phototrophy, heterotrophy and mixotrophy all arisen independently in several protist lineages
what is the reproductive diversity of eukaryotes
Reproductive diversity
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Use of meiosis and fertilization
Alternation of generations
Haploid organism (2n zygote only)
what is the ecological role of protists ?
Many protists are producers that use energy from light (or inorganic compounds) to convert carbon dioxide to organic compounds.
what is the ecological role of symbionts ?
Mutualism: photosynthetic dinoflagellates + coral polyps coral reefs
Mutualism: wood-digesting protists in gut of termites
Parasitism: Plasmodium malaria; Pfiesteria shumwayae eats fish skin; Phytophthora ramorum sudden oak death
what are excavatas ?
The eukaryotic supergroup that contains flagellated single-celled organisms with a excavated feeding groove.
Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans.
define excavates : diplomonads, parablasids, and euglonozanes ?
Diplomonads is a protist that has modified mitochondria called mitosomes , two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella, and use aneorobic biochemical pathways.
Parabasalids have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically.
Euglonozanes a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites. has a morphological feature that is the presence of a rod with either a spiral or a crystalline structure inside each of their flagella
what is the difference between euglenozans : kinetoplastids and euglenids ?
Kinetoplastids have a single, large mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. heterotrophs
Euglenids -Pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge. can perform photosynthesis ( also have plastids as a result of secondary symbiosis of green algae.
Mixotrophs, switch based on availability of light
Heterotrophs can engulf prey by phagocytosis
what is the sar clade
this supergroups is named after three large and very diverse clades: Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria.
define stramenopila, alvelota, and rhizarians ?
Stramenophiles have smooth and hairy flagella and photosynthetic.
Some are heterotrophs and phototrophs.
Alveolates membrane enclosed (sacs) just under the plasma membrane . Include a wide range of photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists.
Rhizarians many are ameobas , and are protists that move and feed by pseudopodia (cellular extensions, “false feet”)
Rhizarians typically have threadlike pseudopodia
what is the difference between stramenophiles: diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae ?
brown algae Largest and most complex algae; all are multicellular
Thallus refers to an algal body that is plantlike
Holdfast anchors, but not true root
Stipe is stem-like, supports Blades are leaf-like
golden algae which results from their yellow and brown carotenoids. Most species are unicellular, but some are colonial. All are photosynthetic, some are mixotrophic.
diatoms photosynthetic protists, unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix.
define alveolates : dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates ?
dinoflagellates Reinforced by cellulose plates with two flagella located in groove spin as move through water.Roughly half are now purely heterotrophic. Others are important species of phytoplankton. Many of the photosynthetic ones are also mixotrophic.
apicomplexans is a type of parasitic protozoan and Most have life cycles with sexual and asexual stages linked to two or more host species.
ciiates Genetic variation created by conjugation, a sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce
Micronuclei store of genetic information, haploid or diploid
Macronuclei control everyday functions of the cell, typically contain multiple copies of the genome
Cilia can cover entire cell surface or be clustered in rows/tufts
define the types of rhizarians : forams, cerozans, and radiolarians ?
radiolarians have delicate intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silicia.
Pseudopodia radiate from central body; reinforced by microtubule bundles covered with cytoplasm
Microorganisms that attach to pseudopodia are engulfed
Cytoplasmic streaming carries prey to main part of cell
cerozans A large group of amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed using threadlike pseudopodia. Most cercozoans are heterotrophs. Many are parasites of plants, animals, or other protists; many others are predators.
Mixotrophs
Autotroph: Paulinella chromatophora
Chromatophore derived from cyanobacterium
Forams are named for their porous shells, called tests. Foram tests consist of a single piece of organic material that is typically hardened with calcium carbonate. The pseudopodia that extend through the pores function in swimming, test formation, and feeding.
eukaryote subgroup : archaeplastida : red algae, green algae, and land plants ?
Red algae are usually multicelluar
Still have chloroplasts but the red photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin masks the green chlorophyll.
Green Algae
Greenish color due to pigmentation very similar to chloroplasts seen in land plants
Increase in complexity by three mechanisms:
- formation of colonies from individual cells
- formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation (e.g., Ulva)
- repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division (e.g., Caulerpa)
What is the supergroup Unikonts
Unikonta includes fungi, animals, and some protists.
This group includes two clades: the amoebozans and the opisthokonts.
Define amoebozans (unikonta)
Amoebozans are amoebas that have lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia rather than threadlike psueupodia found in rhizarians.
slime molds
tubulinds
entamoebas
Define opisthokonts ( unikonta)
Opisthokonts is a extremely diverse group of eukaryotes that includes animals, fungi, and several group of protists.
Nucleariids, most closely related to fungi
Choanoflagellates, most closely related to animals
what are characterists of fungi ?
Single-celled yeasts or multicellular filaments
Nutrient recyclers
Food source
Manufacturing: Bread to antibiotics
what are the five phyla fungi are classified into ?
Chytridiomycota (paraphyletic)
Zygomycota (paraphyletic)
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
what is the orgin of fungi ?
Fungi and animals are more closely related to each other
Evolved from flagellated ancestor, most fungal species now lack flagella
Within clade of opisthokonts
Fungi are more closely related to unicellular nucleariids
Multicellularity likely evolved in fungi and animals independently ( analogous structures )
define fungi’s nutrition and how they obtain energy ?
fungi are heterotrophs that asorb nutrients.
Nutrition and energy: heterotrophs who digest food before ingesting it; made up of saprobes, parasites, and mutualists.
Secrete hydrolytic enzymes into surrounding environment break down complex molecules into smaller organic molecules that can be absorbed
define body structure yeasts
single-celled fungi that often inhabit moist environments such as animal tissues and plant saps where there is a ready supply of soluble nutrients like sugars and amino acids
Reproduce asexually
Ordinary cell division
Budding, pinches off small from parent cell
body structure : multicelluar fillaments
hyphae are tiny filaments that make up the multicellular mycelia, consisting of a tubular cell wall surrounded by the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells.
Cell wall strengthened by chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
Interwoven mass of hyphae is called the mycelium
Infiltrates food source
Maximizes surface-to-volume ratio (growth increases length
what is the difference between septa hypha and coencytic hypha
Cross-walled divisions (septa) in hyphae that have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuceli to flow from cell to cell.
coenocytic hypha, hyphae are a continuous cytoplasmic mass containing many nuclei
Repeated cell division without cytokinesis
what are specialized hyphae
arbuscules are fungi that have specialized hyphae
Used to exchange nutrients with host plant cells
Remain physically separated from plant cell’s cytoplasm by the plasma membrane of the plant cell
Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots are called mycorrhizae
what are the two types of mycorrhizal fungi
Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and typically grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
Arbuscular myocorrhizal fungi extend branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane
what is the reproduction of fungi ?
Most fungi propagate either sexually or asexually by producing large numbers of spores
Nuclei of hyphae and spores are mostly haploid
sexual reproduction of fungi ?
Mold is an informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium
Grow rapidly
Large number of spores enables colonization of new food sources
what is plasmogamy
Plasmogamy is the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia ( fusion of cytopasm). different hyphae meet and they fuse cytoplasm.
what is the heterokaryotic stage ?
After the fusion of the mycelia, some fungi go through a heterokaryotic stage in which cells contain two genetically distinct haploid nuclei that do not fuse right away.
nuclei remain distinct and haploid
what is a dikaryotic cell ?
dikaryotic cell is when in some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell
what are pherosomes used for ?
Pherosomes are sexual signaling molecules used to communicate to their mating type .
what are fungi ecological roles ?
Fungi are efficent decomposers of of organic matieral including cellulose and lingin, jet fuel, and house paint.
fungi are essential for maintianing supply of inorganic nutrients called carbon and nitrogen.
fungi as plant mutualism
Mycorrhizae: mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a plant root
All plant species also harbor fungal endophytes
Live inside leaf or other plant part without causing harm
May make toxins that deter herbivores (grasses and other non-woody plants)
May increase host plant tolerance of heat, drought, heavy metals
fungus as animal mutualism
fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals
-Many species of ants use the digestive power of fungi by raising them in “farms”
fungi as microorganism mutualism
symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic organism and a fungus.
-The algae provide carbon compounds, cyanobacteria also provide organic nitrogen, and fungi provide the environment for growth
Fungi provide suitable environment for photosynthetic partners
Gas exchange
Protection
Retention of water and minerals, mostly absorbed from airborne dust or from rain
fungi as parasites
About 30% of known fungal species exist as parasites or pathogens
Plants:
Cryphonectria parasitica causes chestnut blight; spores enter cracks in the tree and produce hyphae that kill the tree
fungi as parasites
Mycosis is the general term used for an infection caused by a fungal parasite
Skin mycosis: athlete’s foot and other ringworm infections
Systemic mycoses typically caused by inhaled spores
Opportunistic mycosis: Candida albicans can become pathogenic and cause “yeast infections”
what is the difference between red algae and golden algae ?
red and green algae are products of primary endosymbiosis ,but golden and brown algae are a product of secondary symbiosis from red algae.
Chapter 29 and 30 plant diversity
what’s the difference between gametophytes and sporophytes ?
gametophytes (n) multicelluar and create gametes by mitosis .
sporophytes are multicelluar and produces haploid reproductive cells ( spores ) by meiosis .
Multicelluar Dependendant
what are embrophytes ?
Embrophytes develop from zygotes retained with tissues of the female parent ( gametophyte).
what are the similarities between land plants and charophytes ?
Charophytes and land plants have in common:
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins in the plasma membrane
Structure of flagellated sperm (in applicable plant species)
Cell division utilizing the phragmoplast between the daughter nuclei to guide formation of the cell plate