Quiz 7 Practice Questions Flashcards
What leads to the spread of upper respiratory tract (URT) diseases in the winter?
Some pathogens survive longer dried droplet nuclei and in colder temperatures. Favorable changes in the host may occur, such as thinning of mucous barriers due to the drier environment. Since it’s cold, hosts are usually in closer proximity with reservoirs (i.e., staying inside with family).
What are the three layers of the skin?
The three layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
What are some physical defenses of the skin?
Physical defenses of the skin include keratin and sloughing (cells on the outer layer are constantly being removed).
What are some chemical defenses of the skin?
Chemical defenses of the skin include low pH, high salt concentrations, and the presence of lysozyme.
Where does normal skin microbiota reside?
The skin microbiota is mainly localized to the protected areas of hair follicles but is also found in moist areas and skin folds, as well as other protected areas, like glandular ducts.
What are the roles of the skin’s normal microbiota?
Roles of the skin’s normal microbiota are mutualistic (we provide an environment to live in and nutrients and they provide protection from pathogens), commensalism, and pathogenic (normal microbiota can serve as opportunistic pathogens; some people are carriers of opportunistic pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus).
What common response do skin diseases trigger?
Skin diseases trigger an inflammatory response.
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract (URT)?
The components of the upper respiratory tract (URT) include the sinuses (frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, and maxillary sinus), tonsils, nasal cavity, nostrils, oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx.
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract (LRT)?
The components of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) include the trachea, lungs (left and right), bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
What are lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections more serious than upper respiratory tract (URT) infections?
The lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections are more serious because they affect the lungs.
What are the physical defenses of the respiratory tract?
The physical defenses of the respiratory tract include the nasal hair, ciliary escalator, mucus, and involuntary responses, such as coughing and sneezing.
What are the chemical defenses of the respiratory tract?
The chemical defenses of the respiratory tract include secretory IgA.
What are the phagocytic defenses of the respiratory tract?
The phagocytic defenses of the respiratory tract include alveolar macrophages, cytokines, and complement.
What is the relative abundance of normal microbiota in the upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT)?
“Because of its constant contact with the external environment, the respiratory system harbors a large number of commensal microorganisms.” (Cowan, Marjorie Kelly. “Microbiology: A Systems Approach.” Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. New York. ISBN: 978-1-259-70661-5. Accessed 4/25/2020, page 614.)
What are the possible roles of the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT)?
Possible roles of the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT) are mutualistic (we provide an environment to live in and nutrients and they provide protection from pathogens), commensalism, and pathogenic (“…some bacteria considered ‘normal biota’ in the respiratory tract can cause serious disease, especially in immuno-compromised individuals…” [Cowan, Marjorie Kelly. “Microbiology: A Systems Approach.” Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. New York. ISBN: 978-1-259-70661-5. Accessed 4/25/2020, page 615.]).
