Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KP222 > Quiz #6 > Flashcards

Quiz #6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A

transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, waste
regulate pH and ion composition
restrict fluid loss at injured sites
offer defence against toxins and pathogens
stabilize body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major components of whole blood?

A

plasma

  • 55% of blood
  • 90% water, rest is various ions, gases, vitamins, organic molecules

buffy coat
- where you find WBCs (true cells) and platelets

erythrocytes
- RBCs (non-true cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are true cells?

A

cells with a nucleus and other key organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is plasma?

A

straw-coloured, sticky fluid. made of over 100 dissolved solutes

mostly electrolytes but proteins by weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

biconcave, large surface area, anucleate, mostly hemoglobin, flexible to deform while passing through small capillaries

picks up O2 in the lungs and releases to tissue

also transports some CO2 from tissue back to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

made of 4 polypeptide chains with 4 heme groups that have an affinity for oxygen

1 polypeptide can carry 1 O2, so 1 hemoglobin can carry 4 O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin when O2 is bound

ruby red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin when O2 is detached

dark red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin when CO2 binds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

RBC formation

RBCs have a finite lifespan so they are constantly being recycled in the spleen/liver, need to be regenerated in the bone marrow

start as a hematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can EPO be dangerous?

A

in normal conditions the body is stimulated to produce EPO when low RBCs or increased needs for O2

abusing EPO in blood doping/injections can thicken the blood and clog arteries causing hypertension, stroke, heart attack, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

% of the whole blood that is RBCs

low hematocrit = thin blood
high hematocrit = thick blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

the only true component of blood

enter tissues to protect against bacteria and viruses

motile; can move through tissue via amoeboid motion to follow a chemical trail of attraction (positive chemotaxis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes

  • have pockets that contain enzymes that are released to act on organisms to cause response
  • neutrophils (phagocytotic)
  • eosinophils (allergic responses)
  • basophils (allergic responses)

agranulocytes

  • do not contain granules
  • leukocytes (T cells and B cells, adaptive immune system)
  • monocytes (phagocytotic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the acronym for remembering the types of leukocytes?

A

never let monkeys eat bananas

neutrophils
leukocytes
monocytes
eonophils
basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

increase in WBC in response to infection

can double in just hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is positive chemotaxis?

A

trail of chemical attraction for leukocytes to follow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are platelets formed? What is their main function?

A

megakaryocyte presses against special capillary in red marrow, cytoplasmic extensions extend through and rupture off fragments, creating platelets

clot blood and help repair damaged vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the functions of lymphatics?

A

produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
maintain normal blood volume
provide alternative transport route for hormones, nutrients, wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

fluid buildup in tissues when lymphatic tissues don’t work properly

puts tissue at increased risk of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do lymphatic vessels function?

A

large vessels with one way valves

smooth muscle contracts in waves

lymph is carried to nodes which act as a filter before returning it to veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

supply O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2
regulate blood pH by changing CO2 levels
assists in olfaction and speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4+1 processes of the respiratory system?

A 
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
- movement of air in and out of the lungs

external respiration
- exchange of O2/CO2 between lungs and blood

transport
- of O2 and CO2

internal respiration
- exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues

+ cellular respiration
- cell metabolism and ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is air taken in through?

A

either the oral or nasal cavity

normal resting breathing is done through the nose, as ventilatory needs increase (ex. exercise) we recruit the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the larynx?

A

structured rings that guard entrance to windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

cartilage that comes off the larynx to protect the glottis from food/liquid during swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the general structure of the lungs.

A

3 lobes on the right, 2 on the left (heart takes up space)

alveoli allow for efficient gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?

A

zone that can move air through it (tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of the glottis?

A

sound generated by expiration of air through it, vibrating vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A

air passageway

increase air temp to body temp (humidify air)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A

move particles towards the mouth (mucus escalator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange between air and blood via diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are alveoli?

A

site of gas exchange

300 million in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 2 types of alveolar cells?

A

type I

  • make up wall of alveoli
  • single layer of epithelial cells

type II
- secrete surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What components of the chest wall act to protect the lungs?

A 
ribs
sternum
thoracic vertebrae
internal and external intercostals
diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the pleura?

A

membrane lining of lungs and chest wall

pleural sac around each lung

intrapleural space filled with intrapleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the primary force driving pulmonary ventilation?

A

pressure gradient (high to low)

difference between Palv and Patm

travels via bulk flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is inspiration?

A

when pressure in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure, air flows in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is expiration?

A

when pressure in lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure, air flows out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Patm

pressure of the atmosphere
other lung pressures given relative to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is intra-alveolar pressure?

A

Palv

pressure of air in alveoli
varies with phase of respiration
- negative during inspiration
- positive during expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is interpleural pressure?

A

Pip

pressure inside pleural sac
always negative under normal conditions due to elasticity in lungs and chest wall, and always less than Palv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What prevents the chest wall and lungs from pulling apart?

A

surface tension of intrapleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Palv - Pip

distending pressure across the lung wall

an increase in transpulmonary pressure increases distending pressure across lungs, causes lungs to expand and increase volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is Boyles Law?

A

pressure is inversely related to volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the determinants of intra-alveolar pressure?

A

quantity of air in alveoli

volume of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What muscles work during inspiration?

A

diaphragm
external intercostals

both contract to expand volume of thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What muscles work during expiration?

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract during active expiration only

diaphragm and external intercostals relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe the process of inspiration.

A

neural stimulation of inspiratory muscles to increase thoracic cavity volume
- diaphragm flattens, external intercostals move ribs up and out

outward pull on pleura decreases intrapleural pressure, increasing transpulmonary pressure

alveoli expand, decreasing alveolar pressure

air flows into lungs by bulk flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Describe the process of expiration.

A

normally passive
when inspiratory muscles stop contracting, lungs and chest wall recoil to their original positions, decrease volume of thoracic cavity

active expiration uses contraction of expiratory muscles to create a greater and faster decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

53
Q

What are the main factors affecting pulmonary ventilation?

A

lung compliance

airway resistance

54
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

the ease with which lungs can be stretched

larger compliance = easier to inspire = smaller change in transpulmonary pressure needed to bring in a given volume of air

55
Q

What factors affect lung compliance?

A

elasticity

  • ability to resist stretch
  • more elastic = less compliant

surface tension of lungs

  • force for alveoli to collapse or resist expansion
  • arises due to attractions between water molecules
  • greater tension = less compliant
56
Q

How do we overcome surface tension?

A

surfactant is secreted from type II cells
- detergent that decreases surface tension within water molecules, increasing lung compliance making inspiration easier

without surfactant, surface tension would cause alveoli to collapse

57
Q

How does airway resistance affect ventilation?

A

more resistance = harder to breathe

as airway gets smaller they increase in numbers so overall resistance is low

58
Q

What factors affect airway resistance?

A

passive forces

  • during respiratory cycle
  • ex. changes in transpulmonary pressure

contractile activity of smooth muscle
- bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

mucus secretion
- irritants can lead to an increase in mucus secretion which increases resistance

59
Q

Describe the extrinsic control of bronchiole radius.

A

PNS

  • contraction of smooth muscle
  • bronchoconstriction

SNS

  • relaxation of smooth muscle
  • bronchodilation

opposite of cardiac/skeletal muscle due to receptors
- logical - would want larger airway in fight or flight state

epinephrine

  • relaxation of smooth muscle
  • bronchodilation
60
Q

Describe the intrinsic control of bronchiole radius.

A

histamine

  • contraction of smooth muscle
  • bronchoconstriction
  • released during asthma/allergies

CO2

  • relaxation of smooth muscle
  • bronchodilation
61
Q

What is TV?

A

tidal volume

amount of air taken in during inhalation

about 500 mL
- 300 mL entering alveoli, 150 mL remains in conducting pathway (anatomical dead space - VD)

62
Q

What is the typical respiratory rate? (f)

A

12-20 breaths/min

63
Q

What is VE?

A

minute ventilation/total pulmonary ventilation

number of breaths x volume of each breath

f x TV

64
Q

What is VA?

A

alveolar ventilation

number of breaths x (volume - dead space)

f x (TV - VD)

65
Q

What is IRV?

A

inspiratory reserve volume

maximum air inspired at the end of a normal inspiration

66
Q

What is ERV?

A

expiratory reserve volume

maximum air expired at the end of a normal expiration

67
Q

What is RV?

A

residual volume

air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation

68
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

increased respiratory rate/volume due to increased metabolism

69
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

increased respiratory rate/volume without increased metabolism

70
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

decreased respiratory rate/volume

71
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

shortness of breath/difficulty breathing

72
Q

What is apnea?

A

cessation of breathing

73
Q

What is IC?

A

inspiratory capacity

max amount of air that can be inspired at the end of expiration

IC = TV + IRV

74
Q

What is VC?

A

vital capacity

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation

VC = TV + IRV + ERV
(or IC + ERV)

75
Q

What is FRC?

A

functional residual capacity

amount of air remaining at the end of normal expiration

FRC = RV + ERV

76
Q

What is TLC?

A

total lung capacity

volume of air in lungs at the end of a maximum inhalation

TLC = RV + ERV + IRV + TV
(or VC + RV)
(or FRC + IC)

77
Q

What is FVC?

A

forced vital capacity

max-volume inhalation followed by exhalation as fast as possible

low FVC indicates restrictive pulmonary disease

78
Q

What is FEV?

A

forced expiratory volume

% of FVC that can be exhaled within a certain time frame

79
Q

What is FEV1?

A

% of FVC that can be exhaled within 1 seconds

normal = 80%

less indicates obstructive pulmonary disease

80
Q

What is maximum voluntary ventilation?

A

breathing as deeply and as quickly as posisble

81
Q

What happens in the alveoli during breathing?

A

as ventilation increases, alveolar PO2 increases and PCO2 decreases

vice versa as ventilation decreases

82
Q

What changes occur to arterial blood levels of O2 and CO2 over time?

A

remain relatively constant

O2 moves from alveoli to blood at the same rate as it is consumed by cells

CO2 moved from blood to alveoli at the same rate it is produced by cells

83
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure?

A

each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its number of molecules

84
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

total pressure x fraction of a gas

85
Q

What is the rough composition of air?

A

N2 - 79%
O2 - 20%
CO3 - 0.03%

86
Q

What is Henrys Law?

A

finds the molar concentration of a dissolved gas

both gas form and liquid form of a molecule exert the same partial pressures

87
Q

Is O2 or CO2 more soluble in water?

A

CO2 is 20x more soluble in water, and since plasma is mostly water, also more soluble in blood

88
Q

How does gas exchange occur in gas mixtures?

A

gases diffuse down their own partial pressure gradients high to low pressure

89
Q

What does gas exchange between alveolar air and blood depend on?

A

thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
- fast at lungs as surface area is large and there is a small barrier

solubility and partial pressure of gases

90
Q

What determines the amount of O2/CO2 exchanged in a vascular bed depend on?

A

metabolic activity of the tissue

greater rate of metabolism = greater exchange

91
Q

What factors affect the alveolar PO2 and PCO2?

A

PO2 and PCO2 of inspired air
minute alveolar ventilation
rates at which respiring tissues use O2 and produce CO2

92
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

rapid, shallow breathing

93
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

deficiency of oxygen in the tissues

94
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

deficiency of oxygen in the blood

95
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

excess of CO2 in the blood

96
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

deficiency of CO2 in the blood

97
Q

How soluble is O2 in plasma?

A

not very
only 1.5% arterial blood O2 is dissolved
other 98.5% is transported by hemoglobin

98
Q

How does the law of mass action apply to the saturation of hemoglobin?

A

more oxygen = more binding to Hb

non-linear

99
Q

What is saturation?

A

a measure of how much O2 is bound to hemoglobin

100
Q

How does temperature affect hemoglobins affinity for oxygen?

A

increasing temperature cause active tissue, increase in O2 unloading in the tissues

101
Q

How does pH affect hemoglobins affinity for oxygen?

A

Bohr effect

- lower pH = more O2 unloading

102
Q

How does the CO2-carbamino effect affect hemoglobins affinity for oxygen?

A

CO2 reacts with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin

has lower affinity for O2 than hemoglobin

increased metabolic activity increases CO2, increasing oxygen unloading in active tissue

103
Q

What are the effects of 2,3-DPG on hemoglobins affinity for oxygen?

A

produced in RBC in conditions of low O2 (anemia, high altitude)

decreases affinity of Hb for O2, enhancing unloading

104
Q

How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobins affinity for oxygen?

A

Hb has greater affinity for CO than O2

prevents O2 from binding

105
Q

Where is all the CO2 in the blood?

A

5-6% dissolved in plasma

5-8% bound to HB

86-90% converted to bicarbonate and transported in plasma

106
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

enzyme that converts CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid

107
Q

How does the law of mass action relate to CO2?

A

an increase in CO2 causes an increase in bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

108
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate) enters plasma in exchange for Cl-

109
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

as CO2 content in blood decreases, PO2 increases

property of hemoglobin - deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry CO2

110
Q

What is involved in the neural control of breathing muscles?

A

phrenic nerve - diaphragm
intercostal nerves
respiratory centres in the CNS

111
Q

What part of the brain is in charge of voluntary ventilation?

A

cerebral cortex

affects respiratory centres and motor neurons controlling respiratory muscles

112
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata in breathing?

A

sets the pace of respiration

dorsal respiratory group

  • inspiratory muscles
  • involved in quiet breathing

ventral respiratory group

  • inspiratory and expiratory muscles
  • involved in forced breathing
113
Q

What is the role of the pons in breathing?

A

influence on both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

transition between inspiration and expiration

114
Q

What are the sensory modifiers of respiratory activities? (5)

A

chemoreceptors

  • sensitive to partial pressures or pH of blood/CSF
  • peripheral (carotid and aortic) and central (medulla)

baroreceptors

  • sensitive to changes in BP
  • in aortic or carotid sinuses

stretch receptors

  • respond to changes in lung volume
  • ensure lungs don’t overinflate

irritating physical/chemical stimuli
- in nasal cavity, larynx, or bronchial tree

other sensations
- pain, body temp, etc

115
Q

What levels of arterial PCO2 can be dangerous?

A

over 90 mmHg = coma

over 180 mmHg = death

116
Q

How does PO2 influence chemoreceptor sensitivity to PCO2?

A

decreased PO2 will increase sensitivity to PCO2

117
Q

What are Hering-Breuer reflexes?

A

inflation reflex
- stretch receptors in bronchiole smooth muscles stimulates expiratory center to prevent overexpansion

deflation reflex
- inhibits expiratory centers and stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation

118
Q

What is the ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

matching of ventilation to perfusion to ensure efficient gas exchange

ventilation = rate of air flow (V)
perfusion = rate of blood flow (Q)

VA/Q

119
Q

What happens if ventilation to certain alveoli decreases?

A

increased PCO2 and decreased PO2 in blood and air

increased PCO2 in bronchioles = bronchodilation
decreased PO2 in arterioles = vasoconstriction

120
Q

What happens if perfusion to certain alveoli decreases?

A

increased PO2 and decreased PCO2 in blood and air

increased PO2 in arterioles = vasodilation
decreased PCO2 in bronchioles = bronchoconstriction

121
Q

How long can voluntary breathing override involuntary breathing?

A

until an increase in H+ and PCO2 ions cause involuntary to take over again

breathholding is intolerable at PCO2 of 50 mmHg

122
Q

What is one strategy to enhance breath holding?

A

hyperventilating before

cause abnormally low PCO2, start at lower levels so it takes longer to get to intolerable levels

123
Q

What is acidosis?

A

blood pH under 7.35
CNS depression
6.8 = death

124
Q

What is alkolosis?

A

blood pH over 7.45
CNS over-excitation
8.0 = death

125
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.4

126
Q

How does hemoglobin function as a buffer?

A

binds or releases H+

deoxyhemoglobin has a greater affinity for H+ (Bohr effect)

127
Q

How can bicarbonate act as a buffer?

A

bind to H+ creating H2CO3 which can create CO2 and H2O, also REVERSIBLE

can regulate pH by regulating CO2 levels

128
Q

What must be maintained to keep a normal arterial pH of 7.4?

A

the bicarbonate:carbon dioxide ratio must be 20:1

respiratory system regulates CO2, kidneys regulate HCO3-

KP222 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions