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Biol 300 > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of fibroblasts?

A

-secretion of molecules for ECM
-secretion of cytokines

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2
Q

What are cytokines?

A

signaling molecules that coordinate the activity of immune cells, to include differentiation and division

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3
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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4
Q

What is blood made of, liquid or solid matrix?

A

liquid

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5
Q

What is differentiation?

A

a change in the gene transcription pattern of a cell

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6
Q

What kind of changes (3) does differentiation often result in?

A

changes in:
-appearance
-capacities
-behavior

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7
Q

Other than rare exceptions, does every human cell possess every human gene?

A

yes, just genes are not always expressed

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8
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

the production of RBC

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9
Q

How doe genes contribute to erythropoiesis?

A

erythrocytes come from stem cells:
-> stem cell divides -> 1 daughter cell (stem cell) & 1 daughter cell (differentiated)
HSCP -> HSC -> MCP-> erythrocytes!

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10
Q

What is the biological source of erythrocytes?

A

lots of cell division: daughter cells keep differentiating & dividing until ultimately becoming polychromatic erythroblasts -> then just differentiation -> terminally differentiated cell until orthochromatic erythroblast

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11
Q

What are some properties of erythrocytes?

A

-have no nucleus (more room for hemoglobin)
-translation can still occur due to RNA still present in cell
- ~270 mil tetromers per blood cell

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12
Q

What is hypoxia?
(memorize verbatim)

A

condition in which cells do not receive sufficient O2 to function normally or to survive

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13
Q

At which altitude would the effects of hypoxia begin to occur?

A

around 2,500 m
-lowest pO2 human can function is 109 mmHg
-pO2 of air in alveoli around 3,000m is 102.5 mmHg

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14
Q

What major cells/tissues/organs (4) that contribute to our response to hypoxia?

A

-lungs
-erythrocytes
-kidneys
-bones

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15
Q

What is the lungs’ response to hypoxia?

A

O2 diffuses from atmosphere into bloodstream

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16
Q

What is erythrocytes’ response to hypoxia?

A

majority of O2 cargo is carried by intracellular hemoglobin

17
Q

What is the kidneys’ response to hypoxia?

A

fibroblasts can detect O2 concentration
(remember loop of henle?)

18
Q

What are our bones’ response to hypoxia?

A

erythroblasts proliferate, generating more erythrocytes

19
Q

How is erythrocyte production controlled?

A

-process begins in the kidneys: fibroblasts
-process ends in bone marrow: erythrocytes

20
Q

How do our bodies generate erythrocytes?

A

erythropoietin
-cells in kidney can be brought to cells in bone marrow

21
Q

What should we know about the structure of the kidney?

A

-outer layer = cortex
-nephron = filter out blood

22
Q

Is the [O2] uniform throughout the kidney?

A

they are normoxic condition numbers

23
Q

What are agents of [O2] detection in kidney?

A

kidney fibroblasts

24
Q

What do the kidney fibroblasts do when detecting [O2] in kidneys?

A

-fibroblasts in normoxic conditions are around the medulla
-fibroblasts move to higher [O2] and make more erythropoietin at hypoxia

25
Q

What molecule in a kidney fibroblast is the oxygen sensor?

A

prolyl-hydroxylase-domain protein (PHD2)
-needs Fe
-H313
-H315
-H374

26
Q

What is Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha)?

A

transcription factor
-an act of covalent modification

27
Q

What is the red segments of HIF-1a?

A

red is necessary for binding to DNA

28
Q

What is the blue segments of HIF-1a?

A

blue is necessary for binding to HIF-1b

29
Q

How do PHD2 and HIF-1a interact?

A

PHD2 provides enzymatic reaction
-causes 5 ring to hydroxylate
-in presence of normoxic conditions, this process is always happening

30
Q

What is Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1b (aka ARNT)?

A

a transcription factor
- HIF-1a + HIF-1b =HIF-1

31
Q

What is the red segment of ARNT used for?

A

red is necessary for binding to DNA

32
Q

What is the blue segment of ARNT used for?

A

blue is necessary for binding to HIF-1a

33
Q

What is ubiquitin?

A

small protein that can be covalently attached by an enzyme to a target protein

34
Q

What happens when a protein is ubiquinated?
(know verbatim)

A

A ubiquinated protein is targeted for recycling by proteasomes

35
Q

What is a proteosome?

A

tube made of multiple proteins
-proteins that enter tube are about to be recycled
-goes in protein -> comes out amino acid

36
Q

What is the process when proteins are ubiquinated?

A

protein is targeted for recycling -> marker for protein that is about to be recycled -> E1, E2, E3

37
Q
A

Biol 300 (6 decks)

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