Quiz 5 Flashcards
When a system in a state of dynamic equilibrium is disturbed, it will react to re-establish the equilibrium condition. Example?
Le Chatelier’s Principle
hemoglobin loads up on oxygen in the lungs and dumps oxygen into the cells where oxygen concentration is low
The Equilibrium Constant
A system is in a state of equilibrium when there is a balance between reactants and products
- This balance is defined by thermodynamics (bond strengths and the intermolecular forces between all the molecules in the system)
- The equilibrium constant is the numerical description of that balance
As K _______, the reaction tends to increasingly favor products. As K _______, the reaction tends to increasingly favor starting materials
increases
decreases
An acid is a proton (hydrogen ion) _____.
A base is a proton (hydrogen ion) ______.
donor
acceptor
When an acid donates a proton, it is converted into its ?
conjugate base
When a base accepts a proton, it is converted into its?\
conjugate acid
An amphoteric species can? example?
behave as either an acid or a base
h2O
The ____ the acid, the _____ the conjugate base and vice versa
stronger
weaker
A ______ acid is more determined to _____ proton to some base
stronger
give its
A _____ base is more determined to _______ proton from some acid
stronger
take a
The pH scale is based on the _______________ ?
self-ionization of water
A pH buffer is?
a solution that resists changes in pH
a buffer contains?
a weak acid and conjugate base
used to determine the ratio of weak acid to its conjugate base at a given pH?
Henderson-Hasselbach equation
When the ________ of a weak acid and its conjugate base are equal, the pH is equal to the pKa
concentration
The ____ form of a drug is water soluble (hydrophilic)
ionized
Acid + Acid = ?
nonionized
weak acid examples?
Calcium _____, sodium _____ , magnesium _____
base + base = ?
nonionized
weak base examples?
“drug” chloride, “drug” sulfate, aka Lidocaine hydrochloride and morphine sulfate
_________ form of weak acid is acid and the ionized form is its conjugate base
non-ionized
The pH of the fetus is _____ than maternal, the circulating nonionized drug crosses the placental barrier. Once in the fetus, equilibrium is reestablished, with a greater % _____ and trapped in fetal circulation
lower
ionized
what two things add up to determine if solution is endo/exothermic?
- lattice energy
- solvation energy
(both are inherently exothermic)
As pressure ______ , solubility _______ ?
increases/increases - if temp remains constant
As Temp ______, Solubility ______ ? Gas vs liquid?
decreases/increases for gas in liquid
Increases/increases for liquid in liquid
the ______ the liquid, the more gas that will dissolve in the liquid
colder = higher solubility
Colligative properties include:
- Vapor pressure decreasing
- Freezing point depression
- Osmotic pressure increase
- Boiling point elevation
The vapor pressure of a solution is given by
Raoult’s Law
As vapor pressure goes _____, boiling point goes ____?
down
up
Carbon tends to form four bonds in a tetrahedral geometry.____________are formed when there is a substitution of a__________at one or more of these positions
Hydrocarbon derivatives
functional group
how many bonds alkanes, alkenes, alkynes?
1
2
3
The hydrocarbon functional groups include:
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics
All hydrocarbons are ________ ?
flammable
allows free rotation at C bond?
Alkanes
freezes the rotation at C bond?
Alkenes - so less flexible than alkanes
characteristic of low melting points/liquids at room temperature.
Alkenes
Platinum catalyst during the process removes pairs of H+ atoms, reintroducing C=C bonds as ____ configuration.
Creates greater stability than ____ double bonds. Trans-fats and heart disease!
trans
cis
functional groups based on water?
- Alcohols
- Ethers
Introduction of _________ onto the organic backbone of anesthetics partially oxidizes the molecule, rendering it much less flammable and much safer to work with
halogens
The carbonyl functional groups include:
Aldehydes Ketones Amides Carboxylic acids Esters
Fats have a much higher _______ ratio. This is why carbohydrates contain fewer calories per gram than fats.
carbon to oxygen
Since water is responsible for tearing the ester molecule apart, the reverse reaction is called______ ?
hydrolysis
