quiz 4th quarter

Question 1

⁃directly stated

Answer 1

Explicit information

Question 2

⁃Not direct/ indirectly stated

Answer 2

Implicit Information

Question 3

⁃ central point or the main argument

Answer 3

Claim

Question 4

⁃ Answers the question: does it exist.
⁃ states the main argument, defines vague and controversial terms.
⁃ has sufficient, accurate, and recent evidence

Answer 4

Claim of fact

Question 5

⁃ Gives idea of what is good and bad
⁃ refers to evaluative statements that can be qualified

Answer 5

Claim of value

Question 6

⁃ statements that espouse for a specific action to be taken as solution

Answer 6

Claim of policy

Question 7

⁃ Errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument.

Answer 7

Logical Fallacy

Question 8

Proposition

Answer 8

Statement

Question 9

Argument

Answer 9

Reasoning

Question 10

Premises

Answer 10

Evidence

Question 11

Conclusion

Answer 11

Claim

Question 12

• consist of statements
• begin with the premise
• end with the conclusion: Therefore, Hence, In conclusion with

Answer 12

LOGICAL ARGUMENTS

Question 13

⁃ Prove the truth of conclusion is certain
⁃ Valid or invalid

Answer 13

Deductive Argument

Question 14

⁃ truth of conclusion is probable.
⁃ Either strong or weak
⁃ It is true if the probability is above 50%

Answer 14

Inductive argument

Question 15

⁃ presence of multiple possibilities an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options.

Answer 15

False dilemma

Question 16

⁃ Just because it is not proven to be false, something is instantly concluded to be true and vice versa

Answer 16

Appeal to Ignorance

Question 17

⁃ superficial and unacceptable consequence is drawn

Answer 17

Slippery slope

Question 18

⁃ expected to either accept or reject both two or more points

Answer 18

Complex question

Question 19

⁃ Instead of reasoning, a threat is used to argue

Answer 19

Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum)

Question 20

⁃ Committed when one appeals to pity cause the acceptance of a conclusion.

Answer 20

Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)

Question 21

⁃ there is an unpleasant consequence of believing something

Answer 21

Appeal to consequences

Question 22

⁃ Just because it is what the majority thinks, an argument is considered to be valid

Answer 22

Bandwagon

Question 23

⁃ attack the character of the person

Answer 23

Appeal to the person (ad hominem)

Question 24

⁃ occurs also when you assert your own expertise

Answer 24

Appeal to authority

Question 25

⁃ authority in the statement is not mentioned

Answer 25

Anonymous authority

Question 26

⁃ not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population

Answer 26

Hasty generalization

Question 27

⁃ assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways

Answer 27

False or weak analogy

Question 28

⁃ Even if a general rule should be an exception, it is still applied to a situation

Answer 28

Accident

Question 29

⁃ A is the cause of B since event A happened before event

Answer 29

Post Hoc

Question 30

⁃ reverse in direction between cause and effect

Answer 30

Wrong direction

Question 31

⁃ when there are other factors which also contributed to the event, the explanation is reduced to one thing

Answer 31

Complex Cause

Question 32

⁃ supposed to prove something concludes something else instead

Answer 32

Irrelevant conclusion

Question 33

⁃ position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute

Answer 33

Straw Man

Question 34

⁃ If argument A is true then argument B is true

Answer 34

Affirming the Consequence

Question 35

⁃ If argument A is not true then argument B is not true

Answer 35

Denying the antecedent

Question 36

⁃ arguments contradict one another.

Answer 36

Inconsistency