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Pathology 1 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the process of stopping blood loss

A

Hemostasis

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2
Q

_____ is the principle mechanism of hemostasis

A

Blood coagulation

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3
Q

_____ is mesh of protein filaments that traps blood’s formed elements to form a red, gelatinous mass

A

Blood clot

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4
Q

_____ are threads that holds the blood cells together and they seal the
wound to prevent loosing of blood

A

Fibrin threads

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5
Q

Clotting factors are present in the blood at all times in their _____ form

A

inactive

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6
Q

Clotting factors become activated upon injury through the _____ and _____ pathways

A

extrinsic, intrinsic

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7
Q

Clotting factors are produced by the _____

A

liver

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8
Q

_____ is required to produce clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

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9
Q

_____ results from fibrin and fibrin is the result of _____

A

Coagulation, fibrinogen

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10
Q

Fibrinogen is normally inactive and gets activated by _____ and which result from prothrombin from clotting
factor _____

A

thrombi, X(stuart-power factor)

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11
Q

Clotting factors have 2 factors:

A

Intrinsic pathway

Extrinsic pathway

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12
Q

The extrinsic pathway is defined as damage to ____ within ____ and outside of the _____

A

cells, blood vessels, blood vessels

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13
Q

Intrinsic Pathway is defined as exposure of _____ of subendothelial cells of blood vessels to blood flow
activates _____

A

collagen fibers, clotting factors

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14
Q

_____ ONLY occurs inside injured blood vessels

A

Intrinsic Pathway

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15
Q

In the extrinsic pathway, _____ is released by injured cells, both injured blood vessel cells and injured tissue cells, activates _____.

A

Tissue factor (aka Tissue Thromboplastin), clotting factors

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16
Q

Tissue factor is aka _____

A

Tissue Thromboplastin

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17
Q

In the extrinsic pathway, tissue factor activates _____ which activates _____

A

Proconvertin (CF 7), Stuart-Prower factor (CF 10)

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18
Q

In the intrinsic pathway, Collagen fibers exposed activate ______ which activates _____ which activates _____ which activates _____

A 
Hageman factor (CF 12), Plasma thromboplastin
antecedent (CF 11), Christmas factor (CF 9), Stuart-Prower factor (CF 10)
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19
Q

Both cascades result in CF 10 to _____ to thrombin to _____ to fibrin

A

Prothromin (CF 2), fibrinogen (CF 1)

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20
Q

____ forms a net and traps the formed elements in blood which leads to COAGULATION(blood clot)

A

Fibrin

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21
Q

_____ is a necessary component of coagulation

A

Ca2+

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22
Q

Patients with severe blood loss are given ____ injections to help withblood clotting

A

calcium chloride

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23
Q

Platelet Activation and the Platelet Plug only occurs ____ injured blood vessels

A

inside

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24
Q

Platelet Activation:
1) exposure of _____ of subendothelial cells of blood vessels to blood flow
2) _____ becomes activated and attaches to the exposed collagen fibers, stopping ____ of platelets.
3) The platelets form a _____ on top of the
exposed collagen
4) _____become activated and then attach a second layer of platelets, etc

A

collagen fibers

von Willebrand factor (circulating in blood in inactive form), movement, single layer

Platelets

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25
Q

Platelet activation results in the formation of a _____

A

platelet plug

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26
Q

The platelet plug ____ blocks the damaged blood vessel

A

physically (mechanically)

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27
Q

Stasis results from _____ and _____ through 2 independent and simultaneous processes

A

platelet activation (platelet plug), coagulation (blood clotting via CF cascade)

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28
Q

_____ can be formed inside and outside vessels while

_____ can only be formed inside a blood vessel

A

Blood clots, Platelet plugs

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29
Q

Platelets activated via von Willebrand factor also undergo _____

A

degranulation

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30
Q

Activated platelets release:

  • _____ – promotes platelet activation
  • Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) promotes _____
  • Growth factors promote (2)
A

ADP
vasoconstriction
wound healing, fibroblast chemotaxis

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31
Q

_____ prevents excess or uncontrolled blood clotting

A

Anticoagulation System

32
Q

Anticoagulation System has 3 components

A

Hemodynamics
Endothelial mediation
Fibrinolitic system

33
Q

Slow blood flow is important for coagulation, otherwise activated CFs get washed out and a clot cannot be formed, this is the definition of _____

A

Hemodynamics

34
Q

With endothelial mediation the platelet plug is formed, surrounding uninjured endothelial cells release _____ which prevents extra or excess platelet aggregation

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

35
Q

With the Fibrinolitic system, ____ also activates tissue plasminogen activator, which converts plasminogen into ____, resulting in degradation of activated CFs

A

CF 12, plasmin

36
Q

____ is pinpoint hemorrhages

A

Petechiae

37
Q

“petechial rash” seen in kids not getting enough ____

A

vitamin C

38
Q

____ is larger than a pinpoint, but < 2 cm

A

Purpura

39
Q

____ are bruises > 2 cm

A

Ecchymoses

40
Q

Ecchymoses examples (3)

A

Raccoon sign
Battle sign
Cushing’s Syndrom

41
Q

____ is the overproduction of corticosteroids from adrenal cortex

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

42
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome leads to (5)

A 
brittle blood vessels
severe osteoporosis
obesity
diabetes
high BP
43
Q

Prolonged _____ use can have symptoms similar to Cushing’s, easy bruising

A

steroid medication

44
Q

____ is leaking of blood into cavities or into tissue

A

Hematoma

45
Q

Rupture of middle meningeal artery is ____

A

epidural hematoma

46
Q

Normal amount of platelets in blood: is _____

A

250,000 – 300,000

47
Q

____ is a disease characterized by < 140,000 = prone to hemorrhage

A

Thrombocytopenia

48
Q

In Thrombocytopenia, ____ or ____ rashes are typical and they need to be less than 2 cm

A

petechial, purpural

49
Q

In ____ Disease, periodic leakage of blood from mucosa of the stomach and duodenum is common, which results in _____

A

Von Willebrand’s, hemorrhagic gastroduodenitis— black stool

50
Q

____ is the increased amount of blood lost during menstruation

A

menorrhagia

51
Q

____ disease is genetic, and autosomal. Children with this disease have parents with this disease

A

Von Willebrand’s

52
Q

____ is a serious disorder manifested usually from uterus cancer, which results in loss of blood between menstruation periods

A

metrorrhagia

53
Q

_____ is the non-production of certain protein clotting factors

A

Hemophilia

54
Q

____ is a Genetic disorder, children with this disease have parents that DO NOT have it, it skips a generation. Non production of clotting factor cause of spoiling of the _____.

A

Hemophilia, genes

55
Q

Hemophilia is ____ chromosome linked

A

X (passed on from mother)

56
Q

2 major types of hemophilia

Hemophilia A – nonproduction of _____

Hemophilia B (aka Christmas Disease) – nonproduction of ____ aka Christmas disease

A

CF 8 viii

CF 9 ix

57
Q

____ is a common problem of hemophilia

A

Hemoarthritis

58
Q

With hemoarthritis, trauma leads to blood in joint spaces, esp. ____

A

Knee joint

59
Q

Iron released from heme into blood destroys the joint cartilage , causes _____ degeneration of the joint

A

degeneration of the joint

60
Q

_____ disorders are disorders that arise from interruptions in normal blood flow

A

Hemodynamic

61
Q

_____ is platelet activation and platelet aggregation without threat of blood loss or vascular damage

A

Thrombosis (thrombus formation)

62
Q

_____ is platelet plug without blood clot

A

Thrombosis (thrombus formation)

63
Q

____ can be formed inside and/or outside of a vessel

A

Blood clot

64
Q

_____ always originates from a vascular wall and always maintains point of contact with the vascular wall through _____ platelet activation and platelet aggregation

A

Thrombus, von Willebrand factor

65
Q

Thrombus in the ____ system: Dense and strong , firm and small (fast)

Thrombus in the _____ system: Loose and weak , loose and large (slow)

A

arterial

venous

66
Q

_____ represent a special type of thrombi characterized by visible and microscopic laminations produced by alternating layers:

A

Lines of Zahn

67
Q

Lines of Zahn: pale layer composed of ____ mixed with ____ and dark layer composed of _____

A

platelets, fibrin, RBC’s

68
Q

2 areas where thrombi with lines of Zahn can be found

A

Heart

Aorta(usually the arch area)

69
Q

Example of lines of Zahn

A

Mitral heart stenosis

70
Q

____ is hemodynamic stress ( normal wear and tear)

A

Endothelial damage

71
Q

Endothelial damage: stretching of endothelial cells from the inner surface of blood vessel, then ____ are exposed, the ____ formed

A

collagen fibers, thrombus

72
Q

____ is increased resistance of the vascular wall to the fluid.

A

Hypertension

73
Q

2 types of hypertension

A

Arterial

Venous (ex, renal)

74
Q

With arterial hypertension, hemodynamic stress is normal wear and tear resulting in ____, accelerated and strengthen by hypertension

A

arteriosclerosis

75
Q

Specific changes, such as formation of plaque,

in arterial walls leads to endothelial damage in the arteries…this is called _____

A

artherosclerosis

Ex: Artherosclerotic plugs

76
Q

IV lines and injections into veins damage the endothelia resulting in ____

A

Iatrogenic thrombosis

Pathology 1 (1 decks)

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