Quiz 4/3 Flashcards
Non-contractile: created by lengthening the muscle beyond the slack length
Passive Muscle Tension
Contractile: created by cross-bridge formation
Active Muscle Tension
The combination of active and passive tension developed during active contraction
Total Tension
the prime mover; produces the desired action
agonist
the muscle(s) directly opposite the agonist
antagonist
Synergists
muscle(s) that assist the agonist
muscles that are hyperactive and tight, usually due to overuse
shortened muscles
muscles inhibited and lengthened;often the antagonist of a tight muscle.
Long muscles
During immobilization, these structures lose collagen and cross-linking ability and this strength (may lose up to 50% of strength in 8 weeks; full recovery may take up to 18 months)
ligaments and tendons
During mobilization:develop fibrofatty tissue, adhesions, cartilage atrophy, regional osterporosis, increase water intake, and decreases proteoglycans
articular surfaces
Immobilization in a ____ position (worse), results in significant structural changes die to increased development of C.T., loss of mass and atrophy.
Shortened
Immobilization in a ____ position (easier recovery) has fewer detrimental structural changes; responds to rehab much faster.
Lengthened
This type of injury occurs due to lack of adequate recovery time between loads, even though the loads may be within the normal loading range for tissue
Repetitive Stress Injury
How many vertebrae in total?
33
How many IVDs?
23
What are the 4 general motions of the spine?
Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, Rotation
The consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion about a different axis is called _____.
Coupled Motion
The most predominant couple motions are:
rotation and lateral flexion
In the head and neck, the _____ cervical spine compensates for the motion of the _____ cervical spine.
upper, lower
The amount of motion available is determined by the relative size of the ____.
disc
The direction of motion in the spine is determined by the orientation of the _____.
facets
Facets in the cervical spine face _____.
superior/posterior
Facets in the thoracic spine face ____.
posterior
Facets in the lumbar spine face ____.
medial
These provide stability while limiting motion.
Facet Joint Capsules
This kinetic force is a result of gravity, ground reaction forces, and the pull of ligaments and muscles.
Compression
This kinetic force results from resisting motion
Tensile
This kinetic force results in compression and tension.
bending
This kinetic force is created by rotation.
Torsion
This kinetic force is the result of translation during flexion/extension and lateral bending.
Shear
Crisscrossing trabecular systems constitute zones of maximum resistance to what forces?
compressive
In what part of the vertebral body do most compression fractures occur?
Anterior part
When does the cervical curve begin to form?
When infants begin to raise their head.
When does the lumbar curve develop?
Between the ages of 1-10 years
The resistance of a curved column is directly proportional to __________.
The square of the number or curves plus 1.
