Quiz 4 Flashcards
Assembly line
an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from operation to operation until the product is assembled
Abolition
the act of officially endig or stopping something. Europe had an abolitionist movement under leadership of Christian abolitionists like John Wesley and William Wilberforce. The movement gained strength against the merchants and the West Indies interests. Eventually slavery was abolished in Britain in 1807 and they tried to get others to do so as well. Spain and Portugal were pressured until they agreed. 1888 the full end of slavery occurred in the Americas when it was abolished in Brazil (pg 500)
Bourgeoisie
in early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. During the French Revolution, while delegates debated political issues in Versailles and economic crisis worsened in Paris, the revolutionary link between the material deprivation of the French poor and the political aspirations of the French bourgeoisie was forged. In Karl Marx’s ideas, he saw history as a long series of conflicts between social classes, the latest being the property owners (the bourgeoisie) and workers (the proletariat). He argued that the capitalist system allowed the bourgeoisie to extract the “surplus value” of workers’ labor. He concluded that this conflict would inevitably lead to a revolution and the overthrow of the bourgeoisie, after which the workers would establish a communist society without classes.
Capital
chief in importance; of or relating to or being assets that add to the long-term net worth of a corporation
Cartel
Organization of a few independent producers for the purpose of improving the profitability of the firms involved. This usually involves some restriction of output, control of price, and allocation of market shares. Members of a cartel generally maintain their separate identities and financial independence while engaging in cooperative policies. Cartels can either be domestic or international. Because cartels restrict competition and result in higher prices for consumers, they are outlawed in some countries.
Caudillos
independent leaders who dominated local areas by force and sometimes seized the national government itself. Usually interested in power for their own sake but could represent or mobilize different groups in society. Many often defended the interests of the regional elites (landowners) but others were populists who mobilized and claimed to speak for Indians, peasants, and the poor. (Rafael Carrera of Guatemala) (pg 600 – 601)
Communism
a way of organizing a society in which the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products and there is no privately owned property (China, Russia etc.)
Conservative
believing in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society, relating to or supporting political conservatism
Constitution
the system of beliefs and laws by which a country, state, or organization is governed, document that describes this system
Consumerism
Population upheavel and the spread of a propertyless class that worked for money wages created huge impacts. Many villagers began to dress more urban and this suggested a new consumer interest (pg 539). The actions of people who spend a lot of money on goods and services
Corporation
a large business or organization that under the law has the rights and duties of an individual and follows a specific purpose, a group of merchants or traders in a trade guild, an association of workers
Doctrine
A belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group (the doctrine of predestination, the doctrine of the Trinity). Or a stated principle of government policy, mainly in foreign or military affairs (the Monroe Doctrine).
Econ imperialism
A situation in which one country as a lot of economic power or influence over others. The geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a country, in lieu of either direct military control or indirect political control (neocolonialism).
Emancipation of serfs
For emancipation of the serfs, Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land (pg. 651). The emancipation of slaves occurred at different times globally such as in Russia, Latin America, and the U.S. (the Emancipation Proclamation).
Enclosure
The process or policy of fencing in waste or common land so as to make it private property, as pursued in much of Britain in the 18th and early 19th centuries. One of the chief effects of enclosure was to increase the number of landless workers. Can also refer to the state of being enclosed, especially in a religious community such as with nuns.
