Quiz 4 Flashcards
LIMA
Least intrusive minimally aversive
Exposure ladder
Shaping training plan
Low-stress handling techniques for cats
Environment: decrease aversive sounds, smells, sights
Cat specific room
Hiding places and perches
Towel wraps
Owner presence
Food distraction and reward
Medication and sedation
Examining in carrier
Time to explore
Marker or bridge stimulus
E.g. clicker
Auditory, tactile, or visual cue that communicates precise moment that it is being reinforced
Low stress handling techniques for dogs
Environment - decrease aversive sounds, smells, sights
Food distraction and reward
Minimal restraint
Owner presence
Gradient touch and considerate approach
Medications and sedation
Towels and Basket muzzle
What are some stressors experienced by dogs and cats in a clinic?
Transport
Novel environment
Unfamiliar people, handling, objects
Pain/discomfort
Often taken away from owner
Is it okay to socialize before they are fully vaccinated?
Yes its very important to give them the chance to socialize during their critical period
Why is important for vets to pay attention to young animal’s behaviours during vaccines?
Socialization period is happening, we want these experiences to be positive so they are not fearful or aggressive when they grow up
Displacement behaviours
Behaviours that look unusual in the context it is interpreted as being a calming “I’m not a threat thing”
Body language of canine and feline
Facial tension
Ear position and tension
Posture and weight placement
Tail position and movement
Eyes: pupil size prominence of sclerae
Vocalization
Pilot reaction
Displacement/appeasement/calming/stress behaviours (yawn, lip lick, sniffing, sneezing, shake-off, inguinal check, avoiding visual eye contact, paw lift, rolling over)
Which flavour can cats not taste?
Sweet
Iatrogenic behavioural injury
Mental emotional and psychological harm can be caused by veterinary staff so we should be able to identify it and come up with ways to treat or prevent it
Describe some impacts on URI in shelter cats?
Housing (cage floor space >8ft2, hiding spaces), social and sensory stressors (social contact)
Why should vets care about stress?
Stress impacts physiology, disease and healing
Why should vets care about behaviour?
Behavioural shifts are reasons for vet consult
Behaviour is integral to human-animal bond
Patient behaviour can impact physical exam, hospitalization, interpreting diagnostics, anesthetic protocols, and viable treatments
Tightly linked with physical and emotional welfare
Animal welfare audits - what are they?
Certification programs
set standards and
guidelines for the
humane care of various
livestock species such as
cattle, swine, sheep, and
poultry. Once a farm is
certified, these programs
will perform periodic
audits to ensure
compliance with the
program
What is the goal of animal welfare audits?
to evaluate whether a farm is meeting the
standards of the specific program. Every Animal Welfare Assurance Program has their own set of standards (Proudfoot, 2018).
What are animal welfare assurance programs
A response to public concern over the welfare of food animals. it helps ensure but not guarantee social license to operate
Who audits? What are the categories?
First party
Second Party
Third Party
First party auditor
internal - conflict of interest
a person employed by the farm - may be able to compare to other farms they have worked on. It can be in preparation to second party audit
Second party auditor
external - can be people working closely with the farm though.
e.g. a veterinarian or ProAction (canadian dairy)
Third party auditor
External - non affiliated
A person or organization independent of the
consumer-supplier relationship and is free of any
conflict of interest.
* E.g., PAACO (Professional Animal Auditor
Certification Organization) or SPCA Certified9
What are the different type of animal welfare assurance programs?
Non-mandatory welfare codes and guidelines
Product differentiation (labelling) programs
Corporate specifications
Regulations (laws)
NPC - R
What type of animal welfare assurance group would proAction be?
Non-mandatory welfare codes and guidelines
Example of regulations regarding animal welfare assessment at the federal level
Health of Animals Act (Transport and
Slaughter) enforced by the Canadian
Food Inspection
Example of regulations regarding animal welfare assessment at the provincial level
The animal care act in manitoba
Product differention
Labels products produced with a
higher welfare standard.
* Consumers may elect to purchase
these products.
* Typically sold at higher price than
conventional products.
What are resource based (or input based) measures regarding animal welfare measures?
specify certain environmental requirements, identification of risk factors for animal-based measures. E.g. environmental enrichment, access to water, bunk space
What animal based measure could tell you if animals have poor quality food or poor access to food?
Body condition score
Manure
Protocol or management based measure for audits:
Identify certain actions that should be taken in specific circumstances (e.g., down cow, euthanasia, painful procedures)
Animal or outcome based measures for audits:
assesses actual state of welfare of
the animal, without specifying how it should be achieved
Examples of animal or outcome based measures for audits
- % lame animals
- % poor body condition
- % dirty animals (udder, legs, flank)
- % injuries (hock, neck, knee, broken tails)
- % abnormal behavior
- % falling or vocalizing during handling
Where should you look to assess dirty animals?
Udders
Legs
Flank
Gait score scale
1-5
Injuries score scale
1-3
Cleanliness score scale
0-2
What does assessment or auditing lead to?
Pass or fail component
What kind of vision do horses have?
Dichromatic, wide field, monocular and binocular
Facial expression awareness
Do horses have a flehmen response?
Yes
Vomeronasal organ
Horses are designed to forage more than half the day. How does this relate to their welfare needs?
In captivity we often stall them (not allowing for movement) individually and feed them meals of high concentrate feeding leading to medical and psychological problems.
3 Fs of equine welfare
- Friends
- Forage
- Freedom
Why is it important to avoid labeling our patients based on behaviour?
Anthropomorphism is not always helpful - they are animals and are reacting out of instinct and fear. It won’t help the way we interact with the animal the next time. The onus is on the humans with the goal to help the patient be successful
Trigger stacking
When many small stressors increase the sensitivity of the learner over time
Examples of equine low stress handling techniques
Environment (lighting, sounds, familiarity)
Basic needs
Conspecifics (friends)
Decrease trigger stacking
Handling (gentle and calm, distraction techniques)
Pain meds and sedation
Future planning
Counter conditioning
ABC’s of Behaviour
A = Antecedent
B = Behaviour
C = Consequence
Hynes’ Core Mottos
Behaviour is always occurring, animals are always learning, learners determine what is reinforcing or aversive
WTF
What’s the function
Classical conditioning
Repeated association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned emotional response
Operant conditioning/learning
A method of learning that creates associations between a voluntary behaviour and the consequence of that behaviour
What are the 6 steps to analyzing ABC’s?
- Describe target behaviour objectively
- Describe antecedent
- Describe consequences
- Examine antecedents, behaviour, and consequence in sequence
- Devise new antecedents and/consequences to teach new behaviours or change existing ones
- Evaluate the outcome
Counterconditioning
Changing an animal’s conditioned emotional and physiological response to a stimulus
Marker or bridge / bridging stimulus
Auditory, tactile, or visual cue that communicates the precise moment that is being reinforced (e.g. clicker)
