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Bio 107 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the endomembrane system?

A

The nuclear envelope, ER, vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes, Golgi and the plasma membrane. They are all related by either physical continuity or vesicles that transfer to one another. The peroxisomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts are not a part of this system.

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2
Q

What is contained in the endomembrane system?

A

The nuclear envelope, ER, vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes, Golgi and the plasma membrane. They are all related by either physical continuity or vesicles that transfer to one another. The peroxisomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts are not a part of this system.

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3
Q

What is the nucleus and what is contained within it?

A

The nucleus is responsible for the storage and transcription of DNA containing multiple linear chromosomes. The nuclear envelope is a part of the nucleus, containing a double membrane which separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. There is also nuclear pores that regulate the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus

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4
Q

What is nuclear lamina?

A

The nuclear envelope provides structural support for the nucleus. It is composed of an intermediate filament called lamin which assembles the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A DNA that is negatively charged with a histone which is positively charged is associated together.

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6
Q

What is a histone octamer?

A

The four histone proteins associated together H2A, H2B H3 and H4 in s large subunit complex. DNA plus a histone octamer makes a nucleosome.

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7
Q

What is histone H1?

A

A histone that provides stability and protection to DNA and is involved in the packaging of nucleosomes into the 30 mm fibre.

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8
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A viable sub-compartment of the nucleus which is; unbound, the site of RNA synthesis, the site of assembly of ribosome subunits ( each half pg the ribosome enters the nucleus separately via nuclear pores)

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9
Q

What are the three RNA molecules produced by the nucleolus and how does this occur?

A

28S 18S & 5.8S, Each subunit made in the cytoplasm enters the nucleus (5S RNA is made in a different region of the nucleus), ribosomal subunits associate with 4 different RNA molecules and the final assembly occurs in the cytoplasm into the small and large subunit.

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10
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what are the two types?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is in both plant and animal cells, with cells producing more proteins having more rough ER and cells producing more lipids and steroid hormones having more smooth ER.

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11
Q

What is the rough ER and its functions?

A

The rough ER has and is covered in ribosomes that make proteins that are destined for the endomembrane system. The rough ER is the site of protein synthesis and assembly, the site of protein quality control with chaperones ( fixing misfolded proteins or degrading them)

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12
Q

What are ribosomes and their function?

A

They are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein. Ribosomes assemble all peptides (using aminoacid monomers), and they are located in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER.

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13
Q

What’s the smooth ERs function?

A

Its function is for ion storage, phospholipid, steroid synthesis, detox of drugs and alcohol and carb metabolism.

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14
Q

What are the Golgi apparatus and its function?

A

The Golgi is made up of a group of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. The Golgi functions for sorting and shipping. The cis face receives its products from the vesicles to the medial face to the trans face and ships the products to the plasma membrane and outside of the cell. It modifies the products of the Er and manufactures some molecules as well ( pectin).

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15
Q

What are the lysosomes and their functions?

A

The lysosomes are the cell stomach which is a membranous sac that digests macromolecules. Lysosomal enzymes work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome. The lysosomes hydrolyze proteins fats polysaccharides and nucleic acids. Lysosomes are also important for recycling various structures and organelles. (autophagy; the cell eats a part of itself)

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16
Q

What are vacuoles are their functions?

A

They have variable functions depending on the cells. There are; food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles in fresh water protists which pump out excess water, and central vacuoles in plants which hold organic compounds and water to maintain turgor pressure.

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17
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

it is a double membranous organelle responsible for cellular respiration/ATP production which contains its own copy of DNA

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18
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

They are also known as microbodies and are spherical single mebrane-bound organelles that perform reactions in which H2o2 is a bi product and it holds this product in to proect the cell.

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19
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

To give shape and support cells, especially in plant cells, allowing cells to change shape by disassembling one part and reassembling in another oart, to act as a series of cables throughout the cell which allows organelles to attach and move along them.

20
Q

What is the network that makes up to cytoskeleton?

A

1.) Microtubules, actin or microfilaments and intermediate filaments

21
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Straight hollow tubes constructed with proteins called tubulin alpha and beta form that form a dimer which assembles end-to-end to for protofilaments which grow from the plus end mostly growing up until it cannot anymore.

22
Q

What is the Microtubule organizing structure MTOC?

A

It is an organized structure made up of many different proteins one of them being gamma tubulin which forms a stable platform that starts microtubule growth and acts as an anchor as well providing an anchor that helps maintain microtubule attachment to the MTOC

23
Q

What is the primary MTOC in most animal cells?

A

The centrosome which is in the centre has two centrioles which have microtubules composed around a cylinder of other proteins. Centrioles are not present in plants and fungi and some animal cells.

24
Q

What are the two microtubule motor proteins and what do they do?

A

They are dynein and kinesin which walk along microtubules carrying cargo including organelles using hydrolysis with ATP.

25
Q

What direction does dynein travel in?

A

Towards the minus end

26
Q

What direction does kinesin travel in?

A

Towards the plus end

27
Q

How do microtubules grow out?

A

They radiate out of the MTOC to provide an organization of the cytoplasm and its organelles. They grow in minus to plus direction. In mitosis, they reorganize into a bipolar mitotic spindle which separates into sister chromatids.

28
Q

What are cilia and their function?

A

They are present in large #s on a cell surface and act in unison to move the cell or fluids pasy. It uses an active power stroke followed by a relaxed recovery stroke.

29
Q

What are actin filaments?

A

They are abundant in eukaryotic cells in muscles that contracts. Actin supports and strengthens the plasma membrane (from inside the cell) ]. They also have a plus and minus end forming globular helical shapes.

30
Q

What is metabolism and its two parts?

A

Metabolism is the managing of the materials and energy resources of a cell. It is made up of anabolism which is the assembly of molecules that requires energy and catabolism which breaks down molecules and releases energy.

31
Q

What is energy and some of its forms?

A

Energy is the ability to do work or better thought of as the capacity for change. Some forms are chemical, electrical, heat, light and mechanical/

32
Q

What is Gibbs’s free energy?

A

The energy that is available to do work and free to use.

33
Q

What is entropy?

A

The loss of energy in a system is known as useful energy. In the universe, entropy is always increasing as the universe becomes more disordered.

34
Q

What is heat considered?

A

The lowest grade of energy because it increases the random unordered movement of molecules and is hard to store or harness to do work.

35
Q

How does an increase in entropy work?

A

The reactants go from highly ordered to a less ordered state with less potential energy.

36
Q

What’s the hydrophobic effect?

A

Water cages around non-polar molecules and the fat limits the ability of the molecules to bond with other molecules increasing order, but then the molecules aggregate and there us more fat-to-water ratio and water is now limited creating less order. The universe heads to disorder.

37
Q

Why doesn’t life increase order?

A

Because it exists in small islands of low entropy not creating less entropy overall.

38
Q

How to know if a reaction is spontaneous?

A

If entropy has increased, and change in free energy is negative and there is less energy in the products than the reactants.

39
Q

How is free energy calculated?

A

G=H-TS (s is entropy)
and change in G is change in enthalpy minus temperature times change in entropy.

40
Q

How is free energy calculated?

A

G=H-TS (s is entropy)
and change in G is change in enthalpy minus temperature times change in entropy.

41
Q

What does it mean when gibbs free energy is less than 0?

A

It is exergonic and it releases energy and is spontaneous.

42
Q

What does it mean when gibbs free energy is greater than 0?

A

The reaction is endergonic and it absorbs energy and is non spontaneous .

43
Q

How do cells perform endergonic reactions?

A

Thye couple reactions (energy coupling) using some mechanism such as 1.) Chemical 2.) Transport 3.)Mechanical. They use an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

44
Q

How can cells be compared to a hydroelectric system?

A

In an isolated, each reaction occurs until equilibrium is reached then do more work, but cells are not in equilibrium. In an open an intake and outflow system keep it from reaching equilibrium. Cellular respiration has multiple steps and if one fails the rest do as well, and products deplete in each step.

45
Q

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and its structure?

A

ATP is made in cellular respiration and stores potential energy due to its bond position and composition. It is made up of three phosphorus groups with two phosphoanhydride bonds with a negative charge on the bottom because of O- attached to a ribose which is also attached tp adenine. When the bonds are broken energy is realeaed with an inorganic phosphate and ADP

46
Q

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and its structure?

A

ATP is made in cellular respiration and stores potential energy due to its bond position and composition. It is made up of three phosphorus groups with two phosphoanhydride bonds with a negative charge on the bottom because of O- attached to a ribose which is also attached tp adenine. When the bonds are broken energy is realeaed with inorganic phosphate and ADP

Bio 107 (3 decks)

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