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ENRGEOSCI QUIZ 4 > quiz 4 > Flashcards

quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Fossil Fuel

A
  • Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be used for fuel
  • anaerobic (no o2) decomposition of buried dead plants and animals)
  • Main types: oil, natural gas, coal, peat
  • burning releases 17 million tons of nitrogen oxide annually in US
  • burning releases 13 million tons of sulfur dioxide annually in US
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2
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Organic compound consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen ex: methane ch4

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3
Q

Oil

A
  • naturally occurring from bacteria,algae, and plankton buried and compacted with marine sediment
  • complex liquid hydrocarbon
  • yields range of combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants after distillation
  • 90-100 degrees C
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4
Q

Natural Gas

A
  • naturally occurring from bacteria,algae, and plankton buried and compacted with marine sediment
  • Mixture of hydrocarbon gases
  • mostly methane 80%
  • some ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane
  • > 100-125 degrees C
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5
Q

Renewables

A

naturally replenished on a human timescale

  • water
  • forest & crop
  • solar
  • wind
  • geothermal (sort of)

location determines which one would be best

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6
Q

Non-renewables

A

-fossil fuels
-metals
-industrial rocks
minerals

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7
Q

Coal types

A

% of carbon increases as you go down list

  • peat- leastheat, high moisture
  • lignite
  • sub-bituminous
  • bituminous- heat greatest, few volatile
  • anthracite- heat greatest, few volatiles
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8
Q

Impact of Coal Mining

A
  • most is open pit, strip mining, or mountain top removal
  • creates coal waste sludge stored behind dams
  • acid mine drainage
  • wastewater
  • fly ash
  • CO2 and greenhouse gases
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9
Q

Impacts of Coal Use

A
  • more land strip mines as oil becomes limited
  • produces ash
  • releases large amount of CO2
  • acid mine drainage causes low ph iron bearing waters and sulfuric acid
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10
Q

Oil and Gas Impacts

A
  • deposits found offshore
  • migrate from source rock into more porous materials
  • trapped by cap rock
  • construction of roads
  • building supply lines
  • transportation
  • drilling of wells
  • disposing wastewater
  • accidental releases
  • acid rain damages environment
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11
Q

Fracking

A
  • natural gas offers some energy security, reduces ghg, and leads to price drops
  • lack of regulation has lead to methane leaks in atmosphere and groundwater
  • unknown effects on subsurface and human health
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12
Q

Unconventional Recovery

A

horizontal drilling

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13
Q

Conventional Recovery

A

vertical drilling

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14
Q

Technologies that revolutionized hydrocarbon extraction

A
  • horizontal drilling

- fracturing the rock using pressurized water

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15
Q

Positive Impacts of Fracking

A
  • less reliance on imported fossil fuels (70% of US gas supply is shale gas)
  • reduced natural gas price
  • boost to economies
  • water use and solid waste reduced
  • less nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide
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16
Q

Negative Impacts of Fracking

A
  • 2 to 10 million gallons of water required
  • flowback water picks up toxins
  • leaks methane gas
  • induced earthquakes
  • chemicals and methane in drinking water
  • natural gas flares
17
Q

Ore

A
  • a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs at a high concentration relative to average rocks
  • economically worth mining
  • Factors that determine profitability: value of mineral and it concentration
18
Q

Mineral Resource Distribution

A
  • minerals not distributed evenly across globe: depends on geology rock age, and area
  • majority of metallic ore deposits in western states: nevada and arizona
19
Q

Classification of Non-fossil Resources

A
  • elements for metal production and technology (iron, aluminum, etc)
  • building materials (sand, gravel, rock)
  • minerals for chemical industry (salts)
  • minerals for agriculture (phosphate)
20
Q

Environmental Impacts of Mining Mineral Resources

A
  • waste dump leaching toxic metals
  • erosion
  • water use
  • ecosystem disruption
  • large holes in the ground (quarries)
  • deforestation
  • subsidence
  • mine waste
21
Q

Reasons for changes in global mining production and consumption

A
  • population growth
  • availability of resources
  • cost of extraction and processing
  • recycling
  • alternative substitute materials (synthetics)
  • new products
  • government regulation
22
Q

Mineral Mining Mitigation Strategies

A
  • land reclamation
  • reforestation
  • deep well disposal
  • chemical treatment
  • process technology
  • recycling given waste or pollutant
23
Q

Rare Earth Elements

A
  • China produces 90+%, uses it as political tool by driving up cost
  • increased backyard operations 40% of them sold are illegal
  • they have little environmental concern, even though they foster huge legacy problem of toxic dumping
  • used extensively in electronics
  • not that rare
24
Q

Seabed Mining

A
  • habitat destruction: seabed plumes, noise, light, increase temp
  • disruption of nutrient rich water
  • release of metals into food chain
  • expensive
25
Q

Hydroelectric Power

A

Largest contributor out of the renewables
Types:
-run-of-the-river
-conventional gravity
-pump storage
several smaller sources that together create significant amount of electrical energy in US
capacity in US has remained constant

26
Q

Earth Resources

A

supplies of food, building, and clothing material, minerals, water, and energy that we draw from a bountiful earth that we need to sustain our life and civilization

27
Q

Hydroelectric Dams

A
  • expensive and time consuming to build
  • multiple uses not always compatible
  • destroy natural habitats and species
  • hinders or stops fish migration
  • sediment trapped beneath dam, increases shoreline erosion
  • stream/river erosion below dam
28
Q

Solar Energy

A

-best in West and Southwest (only use where there is sunshine)
-often need large collection areas which result in large environmental impact
-expensive as integrated system
Types:
-passive (direct gain) : south facing windows
-active (thermal collector) : water heating, not generating electricity
-photo voltaic solar panel system for electricity

29
Q

Wind Power

A
  • best areas are offshore and mid US
  • most farms located in midwest
  • In US wind electricity capacity increased more than 3 fold between 2010 and 2020
30
Q

Nuclear Energy

A
  • nonrenewable
  • 19% of energy in US
  • nuclear fission controlled with standard reactir
  • uranium
  • long term sustainablity depends on resolving disposing of spent nuclear fuel
  • significant water consumption
  • terrorism
  • can caise earthwuakes and tsunamis
31
Q

Environmental Issues Nuclear Energy

A
  • mine waste
  • uranium in water
  • disposal of radioactive waste
  • spent fuel (not in my back yard)
32
Q

Radiation

A

isotope: atom whose nucleus contain same # of protons but different # of neutrons
Radioactivity (nuclear decay): nucleases of unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing radiation
-order of greatest depth: alpha, beta, gamma

33
Q

Geothermal Energy

A
  • heat energy from naturally occuring stream, hot rocks, or thermal waters
  • site specific
  • most located in regions of volcanism or tectonic activity (plate margins)
  • 2% of US energy consumption
  • limited lifetime 30-35 years
  • available 24/7
  • geothermal field, geothermal gradient 25 degrees C per km global avg
34
Q

Geothermal Environmental Issues

A
  • land use
  • discharge of water and gases H2S
  • ground subsidence
  • noise and sight pollution
35
Q

Biofuels

A
  • produced through biological processes such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion
  • derived directly from plants
  • derived indirectly from agriculture, commercial, domestic, or industrial waste
  • yields CO2
36
Q

Biofuel Types

A

1st generation: conventional, made from food crops explicitly grown for fuel production
2nd generation: manufactured from biomass- woody crops, agriculture residues, waste plant material
3rd generation: manufactured from algae

37
Q

Main Biofuels

A

Biogas: methane produced from anaerobic digestion of organic material. by anaerobes
Biologically produced alcohols: ethane, action of microorganisms and enzymes through fermentation of sugars or starches
Biodiesel: most common in europe, produced from oil or fats

38
Q

Impacts of Biofuels

A
  • contribute to air pollution like fossil fuels: CO2, CO, nitrous oxides, carbon particulates
  • take away from food production
  • deforestation
  • soil erosion
  • loss of biodiversity
  • water use

ENRGEOSCI QUIZ 4 (2 decks)

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