Quiz 4

Question 1

strabismus

Answer 1

cross eyed lazy eye, not necessarily visually impaired, just struggle with alignment

Question 2

ptosis

Answer 2

droopy eye

Question 3

cataracts

Answer 3

cloudy lens, usually just one eye

Question 4

amblyopia

Answer 4

‘lazy eye’- developmental problem, nerve pathways in one eye are under stimulated and the cells begin to favor the other eye

Question 5

monocular deprivation studies

Answer 5

reveal that deprived eye would be largely incapable of stimulating cells in the visual cortex, but fine at stimulating cells in the optic nerve and retina.
binocular deprivation studies showed near normal cortical and retinal stimulation.

Question 6

binocular competition hypothesis

Answer 6

eyes compete for cortical dominance in development- they should balance each other out creating predominantly binocular cortical cells. However, if one eye is inhibited in sending signals, the other will take over a cell

Question 7

periphery study for binocular competition

Answer 7

deprived eye can drive cells accounting for the visual field in its periphery, but not in cells whose visual fields overlap with the nondeprived eye

Question 8

retinal lesion study for binocular competition

Answer 8

lesion in non deprived eye’s retina- then, the deprived eye cannot drive cells overlapping with the non deprived eye except in the area that accounts for the lesion because there is no competition there

Question 9

oblique effect

Answer 9

our brains are better at seeing vertical and horizontal lines than oblique ones

Question 10

hemianopia

Answer 10

part of visual field is blinded due to stroke or brain injury- essentially an agnosia in v1 area, but called hemianopia

Question 11

ERG

Answer 11

electroretinogram, measures evoked potential of the eye

Question 12

middle temporal

Answer 12

visual area that codes for movement- sensitive to speed and direction

Question 13

Brodmann

Answer 13

identified many brain areas in 1800s based on physical differences and density differences

Question 14

aphasia

Answer 14

language disorder, usually caused by stroke, many different types cause different impairments

Question 15

2 major types of stroke

Answer 15

ischemic- clogged blood vessel, hemorrhagic- burst blood vessel

Question 16

agnosia

Answer 16

damage to higher visual areas, dorsal damage- where is the stimulus, ventral- what is the stimulus. prosopagnosia- can’t recognize faces. hemifield neglect- clock thing

Question 17

apraxia

Answer 17

motor disability from brain damage (or developmental in rare instances)- construction apraxia, can’t do things in the right order

Question 18

Charles Gross

Answer 18

first to discover facial area- began to study brain reactivity from complex stimuli. He found that certain cells with much larger receptive fields that overlapped in foveal area and were not retinotopically organized were driven by specific complex stimuli like faces

Question 19

anosognosia

Answer 19

condition of confabulation and unawareness

Question 20

acute vs chronic schizophrenia

Answer 20

acute has much better outcome and comes in an episode out of nowhere
chronic has much poorer predicted outcomes, strange behavior for years prior to onset

Question 21

Giacomo Rizzolatti

Answer 21

discovered ‘mirror cell/neurons’- neurons fired when monkey did an action and also when monkey saw someone else doing the same action

Question 22

Denis Levi

Answer 22

studied EE rats vs regular rate- EE rats had larger cells, thicker cortices, and more complex dendritic trees. EE rats had smaller of these factors compares to wild rats

Question 23

schizophrenia

Answer 23

leading hypothesis holds that there is an overabundance in schizophrenics.
antipsychotics block d2 dopamine receptors, they work better in acute schizophrenia

Question 24

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 24

potential long-term side effect of antipsychotic drugs
strange uncontrollable motor movements most commonly in tongue and mouth
could be explained by denervation supersensitivity

Question 25

denervation supersensitivity

Answer 25

denerve muscles in a frog and administer acetylcholine. Then, measure the degree of contraction. After a week of no stimulation to the muscle, it will contract much more with the same amount of acetylcholine because the muscle cell created more cholinergic receptors in the absence of acetylcholine

Question 26

botox

Answer 26

inhibits release of acetylcholine

Question 27

phantom limbs

Answer 27

brain areas that surround the area of the phantom limb will take over the region when it stops receiving input from the missing limb. face region is next to arm, so when face region takes over, it feels like you are touching their missing arm when you are touching their face

Question 28

memory

Answer 28

input-> storage-> retrieval mechanism storage from short term to long term is called consolidation and is driven by many factors including motivation (the 2 modes of memory storage) procedural memory has to do with motor tasks, whereas declarative memory has to do with information like names

Question 29

HM

Answer 29

Henry Molson- lost parts temporal lobe and hippocampus. Seizures got better but he lost the ability to consolidate from short term to long term memory because of hippocampal damage. Only affected declarative memory, couldnt remember who people were shortly after they introduced themselves.

Question 30

aerobic exercise in AD

Answer 30

moderate gain in functional ability, not in memory executive function and depressive symptoms greater peak VO2 associated with changes in memory and greater hippocampal volume

Question 31

music therapy in ASD

Answer 31

better social communication, better connectivity between auditory and motor areas, reduced overconnectivity

Question 32

lucid dreaming

Answer 32

higher gray matter volume in BA 9 and 10, hippocampus, right anterior cingulate, left supplementary motor area

Question 33

facial recognition in humans and macaques

Answer 33

fusiform face area important in humans, other important regions like AFP 1 and 2 and anterior inferotemporal face area reproducible face systems in both humans and macaques possible homology in face areas between humans and macaques