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NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience > Quiz 3-- Visual Pathways and Auditory > Flashcards

Quiz 3-- Visual Pathways and Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

simplified signal flow from eye

A

photoreceptors, bipolar, ganglion, lateral geniculate nucleus, v1

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2
Q

what forms the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

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3
Q

what happens in the optic chiasm

A

60% of the fibers cross over to the contralateral side

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4
Q

the optic tract contains information from

A

both eyes

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5
Q

dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus goes to

A

the primary visual cortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus, pretectum, superior colliculus

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6
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

ganglion cellls, pretectum, both sides go to the endinger westphal nucleus, go to the oculomotor nerve, ciliary ganglion

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7
Q

ciliary ganglion neurons

A

regulate constriction of the iris, lowering pupil diameter (this should occur in both eyes)

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8
Q

should the pupillary reflex be in one or both eyes

A

both

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9
Q

how do objects appear on the retina

A

inverted, left-right reversed

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10
Q

what are the quadrants of the eye

A

nasal, temporal
superior, inferior

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11
Q

what info does each eye get

A

left eye gets majority of left and one part of right
right gets majority of right and one part of left

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12
Q

where does information from the eye go

A

right visual field to left side and vice versa– ganglion cells in nasal division cross over in optic chiasm, in temporal division stay on the same side

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13
Q

how is the fovea represented

A

very large in posterior striate cortex, peripheral stimuli are further front

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14
Q

upper visual field is ___ h=the clcarine sulcus

A

below

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15
Q

lower visual field is

A

above the calcarine sulcus

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16
Q

meyers loop

A

part of the path from thalamus to striate cortex– in the temporal cortex, has info about contralateral sperior visual field

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17
Q

baum’s loop

A

parietal cortex, contralateral inferior visual field

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18
Q

lesion in right optic nerve

A

loss of vision in right eye

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19
Q

lesion in optic chiasm

A

edges of visual field are blind in both eyes- temporal side

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20
Q

lesion in right optic tract

A

left visual field

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21
Q

lesion along meyers loop

A

vision loss in upper left quadrant of both eyes

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22
Q

anterior striate cortex lesion

A

contralateral loss with macular sparing

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23
Q

pathway of info from eyes to brain

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, LGN, V1

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24
Q

3 types of ganglion cells

A

magnocellular (large, layers 1-2)
parvocellular (small, layers 3-6)
koniocellular (in between)

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25
Q

Parvocellular target

A

4c beta

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26
Q

magnocellular target

A

4 c alpha

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27
Q

koniocellular target

A

patch 2/3

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28
Q

parvocellular pathway

A

spatial resolution due to small receptive fields and slow, sustained responses
also help with shape, size, color

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29
Q

magnocellular pathway

A

temporal resolution- large recepion, transient fast responses, lovation, speed, direction of object

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30
Q

koniocellular pathway

A

some color info

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31
Q

how are neurons in the LGN arranged

A

similar to retina where center-surround fields and selectivity for increases and decreases in luminance predominate

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32
Q

cells in primary visual cortex

A

respond selectively to bars and edges, responding most to preferred orientation

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33
Q

axons from lgn terminate primarily

A

on cells of layer 4c – axons convey activity to other layers

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34
Q

cells in 2/3 layers of visual cortex

A

project to higher order visual cortices

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35
Q

cells in 5/6

A

go to lgn and superior colliculus

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36
Q

cortical areas also synapse where in v1

A

layers 5,4,2,1

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37
Q

columns of neurons in cortical surface

A

show similar receptive field properties; in other words, centered in same region of visual space and have similar orientation

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38
Q

compare horizontal and vertical columns in v1

A

horizontal columns had less related receptive fields

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39
Q

intrinsic signal imaging

A

detects changes in blood flow; colors show average orientation of columns at each location ; neurons in given region have similar orientation except at center of pinwheel

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40
Q

are inputs still separate at lgn and layer 4?

A

yes, only separate after 4

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41
Q

when eyes are fixed on a point what happens

A

points beyond or in front of plane project to non corresponding retinal areas, allowing for depth perception

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42
Q

3 types of binocular neurons in primary cortex

A

far cells- discharge to retinal disparities beyond fixation point
near cells- retinal disparities that arise from in front of point
tuned zero- plane of fixation selective

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43
Q

extrastriate visual areas

A

usually depend on v1 for activation

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44
Q

cells in mt (middle temporal)

A

respond to direction of a moving edge

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45
Q

cells in v4

A

respond selectively to color- no regard to movement

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46
Q

how many separate representations of visual field

A

at least 10

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47
Q

cerebral akinetopsia

A

unable to detect motion

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48
Q

cerebral achromatopsia

A

cone functioning but no color

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49
Q

parietal ____ and temporal _____ pathway

A

where/what

spatial awareness and giodance of physical actions, selective for direction and speed and lesions cause akinetopsia

object recognition and form, selectivity for shape, color, texture, preferential response to face/objects, also evaluates significance of elements not just a description

50
Q

sound refers to what

A

pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

51
Q

wave form of a sound

A

amplitude against time

52
Q

how do we hear frequency

A

as pitch

53
Q

humans hear frequencies between

A

20 hz to 20khz

54
Q

amplitude is perceived as

A

loudness

55
Q

what are the decibel threshold levels

A

> 115 dB: high risk threshold
135 dB: pain threshold

56
Q

what is the human hearing range?

A

20-20k Hz, but this range shrinks with age (higher frequencies fade off first)

57
Q

presbycusis

A

age-related hearing loss

58
Q

external and middle ear

A

collect sound waves, amplify pressure

59
Q

describe the sound pathway

A

external ear and middle ear collect sound waves and amplify pressure, sound is transmitted to the cochlea in the inner ear, which breaks down complex sounds into simple sinusoidal components which go to hair cells and auditory fibers

60
Q

cochlea

A

breaks down complex waves into simple sinusoidal components

61
Q

hair cells

A

encode frequency, amplitude, and phase

62
Q

hair cells transmit to

A

auditory fibers

63
Q

hair cells are represented

A

along the cochlea

64
Q

pathway of sound

A

external ear, middle ear, inner ear, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, inferior colliculus, thalamus, cortex

65
Q

external ear consists of

A

pinna, concha, auditory meatus

66
Q

what does the external ear do

A

focus sound waves on tympanic membrane, boost sound pressure 30-100 fold, selective for frequencies around 3 khz

67
Q

why is 3 khz important

A

external ear is selective for this, 2-5 khz is a frequent range of hearing loss, related to speech processing because consonants have energy in this range

68
Q

what does the middle ear do

A

transform airborne sounds into vibrations detected by cells (hair cells in inner ear) since usually this energy would just be reflected. it also boosts air pressure again

69
Q

tympanic membrane

A

funnels sound onto small oval window

70
Q

ossicles

A

3 ear bones– malleus, incus, stapes- problems can cause conductive hearing loss

71
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

loss caused by something that stops sounds from getting through outer or middle ear

72
Q

tensor tympani and stapedius

A

two small muscles activated by loud noises and contract to protect inner ear

73
Q

cochlea

A

transforms wave forms from sound pressure into neuronal signals

74
Q

what does the inner ear do to complex waveforms

A

deconstructs it into simple tones

75
Q

are normal sounds simple or complex waveforms

A

complex (multiple frequencies)

76
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

Occurs after inner ear damage and problems with the nerve pathways from the inner ear

77
Q

oval window

A

covers the entrance to the cochlea

78
Q

tympanic mebrane

A

aka eardrum, separates outer and inner ear and causes the ossicles to vibrate

79
Q

round window

A

energy enters through oval window, transmitted through cochlea, leaves via round window– opposite/out of phase vibrations in comparison to oval window; it allows fluids in cochlea to move

80
Q

basilar membrane

A

within the cochlea of the inner ear, separating the two areas called the scala media and scala tympani

81
Q

tectorial membrane

A

resides above the hair cells

82
Q

fluid filled chambers of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli and scala tympani (perilymph)

scala media aka cochlear duct (endolymph)

basilar membrane separates scala tympani and scala media

83
Q

tonotopy

A

topographical mapping of frequencies along basilar membrane– both the membrane and the nerve fibers prefer specific frequencies with narrow and stiff basal end responding to high frequencies like 10k hz and apical end being more floppy and working better with low frequencies

84
Q

what are the layers of the cochlea from bottom to top?

A

scala tympani, basilar membrane, scala media, reissner’s membrane, scala vestibuli

85
Q

organ of corti

A

transform pressure waves into action potentials, sits inside cochlear duct between scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

86
Q

how does basilar membrane react to sound

A

basilar membrane pushes hair cells against the tectorial membrane as perilymphatic pressure waves pass

87
Q

vertical motion of the travelling wave along the basilar membrane

A

induces a shearing motion between the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. this bends stereocilia on the hair cells, causing hyper or depolarization

88
Q

inner hair cells

A

3.5k present: receptors for hearing, constitute 95% of the auditory nerve fibers that project to the brain

89
Q

outer hair cells

A

12,000, receive efferent axons from the superior olivary complex in the brain, and amplify the traveling wave

90
Q

how many hair cells are there

A

15k in each ear, each with 30-100 stereocilia which are graded in height and bilaterally symmetrical

90
Q

tip links

A

connect 2 adjacent stereocilia, this transfers the shearing motion into receptor potential. This movement opens and closes channels

91
Q

how specific are hair cells/stereocilia

A

detect movements the size of a gold atom, responds in microseconds

92
Q

depolarization of hair cells

A

K+ influx in apical compartment through stereocilia leads to depolarization when tip links are pulled on and opened

93
Q

are some channels open at rest for stereocilia

A

Yes

94
Q

when are stereocilia hyperpolarized

A

when they are closed

95
Q

effect of depolarization on hair cell

A

influx of K+ in stereocilia opens calcium channels that trigger glutamate release and induce action potentials in auditory nerve

96
Q

describe the appearance of the receptor potential

A

biphasic- only occurs in direction parallel to symmetry axis

97
Q

how are different frequencies encoded

A

tonotopy of basilar membrane is preserved at higher levels in auditory pathway— labeled line coding of frequencies

98
Q

tuning curve threshold

A

auditory fibers are tuned to characteristic frequencies– hair cells release nt only when depolarized, auditory nerve fibers fire during the positive phase

99
Q

how do you treat conductive hearing loss

A

external hearing aid to amplify sound

100
Q

treatment of sensorineural hearing loss due to hair cell damage

A

cochlear implant– microphone and processor create electrical stimulation

101
Q

full auditory pathway

A

cochlea, spiral ganglia to non leminiscal pathways and also to leminiscus and superior olive to inferior colliculus to thalamus to A1

102
Q

auditory nerve innervates the

A

cochlear nuclei

103
Q

low frequencies terminate ________, high frequencies terminate _________

A

ventrally, dorsally

104
Q

how are auditory projections organized

A

in parallel

104
Q
A
105
Q

from cochlear nucleus to

A

medial and lateral superior olive

106
Q

which ear goes to superior olive

A

both

107
Q

superior olive function

A

bilateral inputs for sound localization

108
Q

MSO

A

time differences to localize sound <3khz this is determined by length of axon connection; both action potentials converge on MSO neuron that responds most strongly if arrival is coincident

109
Q

LSO

A

intensity differences to localize sound above 3 khz

110
Q

above 2 khz, head acts as an

A

obstacle for short, high frequency waves

111
Q

differences in _____ are used by the _____ and the ________ to locate sound

A

intensity, lateral superior olive, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

112
Q

LSO

A

receives excitatory ipsilateral and inhibitory contralateral movement, so that highest firing will be when sound directly lateral; for sounds in front, inhibition from contralateral ear balances excitation from ipsilateral ear, almost silencing lso activity for that ear

113
Q

after olives

A

inferior colliculus, which has a topographical representation of space, then goes to medial geniculate complex

114
Q

neurons have

A

preferred elevation and preferred horizontal direction (also respond to patterns)

115
Q

auditory thalamus

A

medial geniculate complex integrates combinations of frequencies in specific time intervals

116
Q

decussation occurs at

A

cochlear nucleus

117
Q

auditory cortex

A

located in temporal cortex, maintains topographical map of cochlea

118
Q

auditory cortex

A

projections from ventral division of medial geniculate thalamus maintain tonotopic map – adjacent belt areas receive projection from medial and dorsal medial geniculate

  • combination sensitive neurons, species specific sounds, speech
119
Q
A

NSC 4354 Integrative Neuroscience (5 decks)

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