Quiz 3 - Polyneoptera (Dermaptera, Zoraptera, Plecoptera, Orthoptera, Embioptera, Phasmatodea, Mantodea, Blattodea) Flashcards by Laurel Schuster

Dermaptera features

Monofiliform antennae
Prognathous mandibulate mandibles
Short leathery FW
HW semicirular and pleated
Tarsi 3 segmented
Forcep cerci, straight in females, curved or asymmetrical in males

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Dermaptera family

Forficulidae - common/European earwig

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Forficulidae

Dermaptera

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Dermaptera meaning

skin wings

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Dermaptera tidbits

Females are subsocial - care for young, but will eat them if they stay too long
Scavengers and herbivores, rarely predatory
Rarely parasitic (bats and rodents)
Vivipary - give birth to live nymphs
Occasional ornamental damage
Some have defensive glands that squirt noxious liquid
European earwig introduced 1900, responsible for economic loss

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Zoraptera morphology

< 3mm softbodied
Wings often absent - reduced venation when present
Cerci present - 1 segmented
Mandibles, hypognathous
Antennae 9 segments
Tarsi 2 segments

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Zoraptera tidbits

Rotting wood, under bark, piles of old sawdust
Live in small aggregations
Scavenge fungi and occasional mites
Third smallest insect order
Found living in nests of termites and mammals

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Zoraptera name meaning

pure wingless - named before spp with wings were discovered

Angel insects

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Plecoptera meaning

Folded wing, pleated hind wings which fold under the fw when the insect is at rest

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Plecoptera tidbits

Earliest group of Neoptera
Evolutionary “dead end”
Naiads
EPT index
Oxygen diffuses through the exoskeleton or into tracheal gills located on the thorax, behind the head or around the anus
Mostly herbivorous naiads, some predators
Mostly univoltine
Adults live 1-4 weeks (most nonfunctional mouthparts)

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Plecoptera features (naiads)

Filiform long antennae
Flat body, legs widely separated
Gills on THORAX - tufts behind head, base of legs, around anus (not along abdomen like mayflies)
Thorax looks like it’s in segments - large dorsal sclerites on thorax
TWO cerci

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Plecoptera features (adults)

Long filiform antennae
Membranous wings - crossveins form distinctive boxes near center of FW
FW long and narrow
HW shorter than FW, basal area of HW enlarged and pleated
Long cerci

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Plecoptera families

Perlidae
Perlodidae
Capniidae
Nemouridae

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Perlidae

Common stonefly
largest family
Predatory - uneven glossae (shorter) and paraglossae (longer)
Gills are present and branched on thorax!
Classic coloration

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Perlodidae

Perlids
Predatory - uneven paraglossae and glossae (labium)
Gills on thorax unbranched or absent
Classic coloration
Terminal segment of the maxillary palpus just slightly thinner than the preceding segment

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Capniidae

Winter stoneflies!
Smaller
Detritivores - even glossae and paraglossae
No thoracic or abdominal gills
Long abdomen
Hind legs shorter than abdomen

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Nemouridae

Brown stoneflies
Shredders/detritivores - glossae and paraglossae are even
Short abdomen, hind legs are longer
Some with neck gills

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Orthoptera meaning

straight wing

Structure of tegmina around abdomen

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Orthoptera suborders

Ensifera

Caelifera

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Ensifera families

Gryllidae
Gryllotalpidae
Rhaphidophoridae
Tettigonidae

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Caelifera

Acrididae

Tetrigidae

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Gryllidae

True crickets
Females have cyllindrical or needle shaped ovipositor
Produce rapid chirping or trilling sounds

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Gryllotalpidae

Mole crickets

Fossorial front legs

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Raphidophoridae

Cave and camel crickets

Hump backed

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Tettigonidae

``` Katydids and co Long horned bbs Both sexes make sounds Blade like ovipositor Many are arboreal, some pests ```

Acrididae

Short horned grasshoppers

Tetrigidae

Pygmy grasshoppers | Pronotum extends to the back of the abdomen

Plecoptera tidbits - drumming

In some species males attract females by drumming abdomen on substrate Stonefly eggs are coated wtih a sticky slime that adheres to rockes and keeps the eggs from washing away A secondarily wingless species - depths of lake tahoe

Orthoptera tidbits

Tegmina - outer wings Regarded as a dominant group in most terrestrial habitats Middle of carboniferous period Economic issue Saltatorial hind legs Tympanal organs Crickets - tibia of front legs grasshoppers - sides of the first abdominal segment Stridulation Temperature reading - add 40 to number of chirps/15 secs is temp

Embioptera meaning

Webspinners | lively wings - first male specimen found

Phasmatodea meaning

Phasm - phantom | cryptic appearance and behavior

Diapheromeridae

Walking stick with 19 sp in north america

Mantodea families

Mantidae

Blattodea families

Blattidae Blattellidae Rhinotermitidae

Blattidae

Oriental and American cockroach Female subgenital plate is divided Spines on front femur decrease in size from base to apex

Blattellidae

German cockroach Female subgenital plate is not divided Asymmetrical subgenital plate/styli

Rhinotermitidae

Termites

Brachypterous

Telson

Hemocoel/Hemolymph

Lobopodus

Tagmata

Prosoma

Opisthosoma

Carapace

Malpighian tubules

Fontanelle

Hemocyanin

Scutem

Capitulum

Hypostome

Pedipalps

Pedicel

Metamerism

Chelate

Uniramous

Biramous

Nauplius larvae

Parthenogenesis

Monocondylic

Dicondylic

Epimorphic

Anamorphic

Furculum

Retinaculum

Collophore

Automy

Crypsis

Cryptobiosis

Tegmina

Cerci

Tympanal organs

Glossae/Paraglossae

Pheromone

Kairomone

Allomone

Synomone

Protocerebrum

Deutocerebrum

Tritocerebrum

Irritability

Proximate

Ultimate

4 levels of behavior analysis

Synapomorphy

Apomorphy

Plesiomorphy

Monophyletic

Paraphyletic

Polyphyletic

Homology

Direct vs. Indirect sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

Thelytoky

Females are produced from unfertilized eggs

Amphitoky

Females and males are produced from unfertilized eggs

Arrhenotoky

Haplodiploidy

Wolbachia

Kills male embryos

Gynandromorphs

Male and female

Body plan

Homeotic genes 1995 major axes bicoid (head or tail?) morphogens (embryonic organizer cells)

Oviparous

eggs

Ovoviviparous

eggs in body

Viviparous

live birth

Paedogenesis

Babies having babies

Opisthognathous

Auchenorryncha and Sterrnoryncha- mouth arising from ventral posterior margin (chin) of head capsule

Polyembryony

Strepsiptera and hymenoptera

Stadium

Morphogens

maternal organizer genes, body plan

Serial homology

Structures that have the same embryonic/developmetal origin, like legs and abdomen segments

Epigenetics

How your behavior and environment can affect the way your genes work Lamark's revenge Due to whether certain genes are turned on or off

Eusocial

Subsocial

Parasocial

Holometabola origins

pronymph stage greatly exaggerated | All other instars occur in pupa

Imaginal discs

Holometabola

Shorter childhood vulnerable stage Longer reproductive stage Reduction in food competition Seperate pathogens

Clypeus

Plate on front of head, auchenorryncha