Quiz 3 Material Flashcards
In what ways does the iconography of warfare and conquest reflect Egyptian perception of the outside world and foreign peoples?
Showed how Egypt believed themselves to be superior and the most important country in the world.
2nd cataract forts functions
defensive structures,
monitor, facilitate, and block riverine traffic
safeguard mines that were critical for trade.
As the Great Royal Wife, Tiye wielded significant influence during her husband Amenhotep III’s reign. How did Queen Tiye’s role and influence, both domestically and in foreign diplomacy, shape the trajectory of the 18th Dynasty, and what sets her apart from other queens of her time?
Her depth of influence and active role in diplomacy and state affairs. While other queens held positions of importance, Tiye’s political engagement and her husband’s evident reliance on her counsel made her an exceptional figure in Egyptian history. Her diplomatic efforts helped maintain peaceful relations with foreign powers, contributing to the stability of Egypt during Amenhotep III’s reign.
challenges and successes of Hatshepsut’s regency and co-rule with Thutmose III and what measures she took to legitimize her claim to the throne
The challenges of her reign were getting men to respect her and legitimize her rule. The measures she took to legitimize her claim were building many great monuments, claiming a divine birth, and emphasizing her blood ties with Thutmose II. The successes was the length of her co-rule and how legendary all her monuments were.
Fayum during the MK
very fertile, Middle Kingdom kings held agriculture experiments with their fertile land to make farming more efficient.
How did “Egypt’s Sun King”, Amenhotep III get this moniker and what are the notable achievements of his reign?
reign is well known and is remembered as a time of peace, wealth, and many cultural improvements.
How did SIP start?
relocation of the capital from Itjtawy to Thebes
How did the peace treaty with Mittani, established during the reigns of Amenhotep II and Thutmose IV, alter the power dynamics in the Near East and shape the foreign policy decisions of subsequent pharaohs?
quelled any tension there might have been in the future between the two kingdoms, leading them to become diplomatic allies. Thus creating stability in their respective kingdoms. Foreign policy also changed as this established a precedent for future diplomatic efforts.
How did the relationship between pharaohs and governers change from the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom?
Governers and regional rulers had more power in MK than in the OK. In general, the political system in MK was more organized and strict than OK
How did art iconography serve as a tool of propaganda and statecraft?
these scenes showed that Egypt was very powerful and could not be stopped and allowed for the people to be proud of Egypt. This also helped Ramesses ll with his battle in kadesh where he showed their decisive victory even though in reality it was most likely a tie or Egypt may have been lost this battle.
How do the Amarna letters provide insight into the nature and intricacies of diplomatic relations between Egypt and its vassal states and neighbors during the Late Bronze Age?
provide insight into the complex web of diplomatic relations between Egypt and its vassal states and neighbors
How effective were the 2nd cataract forts in establishing Egyptian control over Nubia during the Middle Kingdom?
The 2nd cataract forts were very effective in establishing control over Nubia.
How would you characterize the relations between the Hyksos in the north and the Theban rulers in the south?
turmoil and competition
Impact of interaction with Nubia in MK
easier access to mineral resources, and heavy political interaction as Egypt built fortresses in Nubia and had control to some extent over the Nubian government.
main characteristics of the 18th Dynasty
- Devotion to the cult of Amun
- Tendency to expand N. and S. for material gains
- The closed nuclear royal family
- Developing administrative organization
Pyramid Architecture and Burial Practices in MK
pyramid architecture disappeared and pharaohs were buried in hidden rock-cut tombs and funerary cults embraced inclusion
Pyramid Architecture and Burial Practices in OK
complex, expensive, and only meant for the elite.
How did SIP end?
conquest of the Hyksos capital by the Theban king Ahmose
Sobekneferu challenges and conformity to the gender norms
- first female pharaoh
- challenged the line of succession that traditionally only went through males
- proved women could be effective rulers
Sobekneferu legacy
true pharaoh
set precedent as the first female ruler that later on would inspire Cleopatra and Hatshepsut.
To what extent were the Sea Peoples responsible for the Late Bronze Age collapse?
Not the only factor for collapse as their invasions and prominence coincided with the occurrence of multiple devastating natural disasters such as famines, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
Tomb Robbery Papyri
related to tomb robbery and investigations into thefts from royal and elite tombs, including those in the Valley of the Kings. Reveals the challenges faced by Egyptian authorities in protecting the tombs of the pharaohs and nobility.
Unification war impact
It was a period of territorial expansion and military campaigns. This meant they had new alliances as well as new provinces out of Levant and Nubia.
What are the main topics of the vassal letters?
pledging loyalty, military assistance, trade, border disputes, and religious matters
What do we know about Ramesses III?
He dealt with much conflict early in his reign with the Libyans and the Sea Peoples. many building projects, funded trading and mining expeditions (Punt, Atika).
What do we know about the 20th Dynasty royal house?
it is the third and and last dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period. The theme of the 20th dynasty the loss of pharaonic power to the High priests of Amun.
What do we know about the contact between the Hyksos and the Kermans?
frequent contact through the exchange of letters
What do we know about the Hyksos based at Avaris during the SIP, and what impact did their rule have on Egyptian culture, politics, and technology?
horse drawn chariot that had many military benefits. Also during their rule Egypt got divided into Upper and Lower regions which helped their culture get implemented more.
What evidence (textual and archaeological) sheds light on Hyksos and Thebans
Hyksos capital at Avaris, forts, and military sites, as well as reliefs in tombs and temples
What factors led to the unification war that resulted in the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt?
- The quest of Ahmose I to unite Egypt under Theban rule and expel the Hyskos
- Technical advancements like the use of chariots in warfare.
What important documents shed light on Ramesses III?
The Strike Papyrus (detailing the labor strike) and the Turin Judicial Papyrus (the Harem Conspiracy) as well as other pieces of art or architecture like the Stelae at Timna.
What issues are addressed in the letters exchanged between the pharaohs and other great kings (rulers of Hatti, Mittani, Assyria, Babylonia)?
diplomacy, trade, marriage alliances, religion, and more
What role did religion and the cult of Osiris play in the Middle Kingdom, and how did it differ from earlier periods?
- development of the democratization of funerary cults.
- put more emphasis on personal piety and the idea of ba.
- new decorations of non-royal coffins with coffin texts.
What textual and archaeological evidence sheds light on Thutmose III’s reign
The evidence we have for these conquests were the inscriptions in the Annals of Thutmose III which detailed his whole military career.
What’s the local Nubians’ reaction to Egypt’s military colonization of Egypt?
resistance to Egyptian military occupation leading to labor camps that Nubians were sent to. The Egyptian policy was “settlement backed by armed assistance”. The Nubians resented this hence the limited mixing.
What’s the Ramesside kings’ attitude towards the Amarna pharaohs (Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Neferneferuaten, and Tutankhamun)?
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Who are the Sea Peoples?
a group of many peoples that played a significant role in the collapse of the Late Bronze Age. Notorious for invasions and their invasion of the already vulnerable Hittites and Mycenaeans eventually destroyed the two civilizations.
