Quiz 3 Key Terms Flashcards
Penal Proportionality
the principle that the severity of a punishment should be in line with the seriousness of the crime
Blameworthiness
the degree to which we can blame a person for what they did (and how much punishment is therefore justified)
Endogenous Impairments
Impaired decision making capacity
External Circumstances
pressure/circumstances that contributed to the offense and/or act
Excuse
offer moral justification or sympathy for the offender
Mitigation
the act of reducing the severity of an offense through varying methods
Psychosocial Immaturity
weaker capacity for self-management, limited future orientation, greater weight to rewards when making decisions, susceptible to peer influence
Impact of Emotional Arousal
strong emotions such as anger and sorrow can blind and individual’s rationality when making a decision
Peer Influence
particularly relevant when dealing with juveniles, can lead to poor decision making
Coercive Circumstances/External Pressure
factors in an individual’s life that place immense pressure to act in one way or another
Driving Simulators
used to assess decision making, especially in regards to peer influence and emotional arousal
Attitudes and Perceptions of Risk
change and mature with age
Future Orientation
thinking about how current decisions and actions impact one’s future
Capacity for Self-Management
ability to control emotions and impulses (especially in regards to actions) increases with age
Limbic System Development
underpinning emotions, impulses and appetites (more sensitive in adolescents)
Pre-Frontal Cortex
matures later (early adulthood), regulates thoughts, actions and emotions
Risky Shift
the tendency of a group to make riskier decisions together than the average person would make alone
Immaturity Gap
the fact that cognitive maturity (CM) develops earlier and peaks earlier than emotional maturity (EM)
Unformed Character
phenomenon in adolescents, ongoing development of ethics, values, morality, and decision-making skills
Fledgling Psychopath
used to describe children who have hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention (HIA) problems as well as severe conduct problems (CP)
Assumptions around Mass Shootings
1) mental illness causes gun violence
2) psychiatric diagnosis can predict gun crime before it happens
3) US mass shootings teach us to fear mentally ill loners
4) gun control won’t prevent another Tucson
Mass Murder Percentages
only 1% of gun deaths occur in mass shootings, 57.8% of shoots are white men
Mass Murder & Mentally Ill Persons
less than 3-5% of US crimes involve people with mental illness, individuals with serious mental illness are at greater risk of being assaulted by others
Personal Gun Ownership Results
Gun ownership increases homicide rates between non-strangers
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
negative experiences one is raise with/exposed to in childhood that impacts their development
Physical Abuse
adverse childhood experience, punching, hitting, etc.
Emotional Abuse
harder to prove in a legal sense, nonetheless impacts development
Physical Neglect
lack of someone to care for you, adequate food, clean clothing, medical care
Emotional Neglect
absence of someone in your family who helped you feel important or special
Mens Rea
criminal intent of a person
Melanie KIein
published Psychoanalysis of Children in 1932, introducing idea that early experiences established the basic social orientation of a person
paranoid-schizoid position
child orients to a world perceived as threatening and malicious
depressive position
child orients to a world that is perceived as uncaring and indifferent
Problematic Behavior Syndrome
multiple factors can lead to the same behavior and one factor can lead to multiple types of problem behaviors
Dose Response
the more adverse childhood experiences a person has, the greater chance of developing negative health outcomes
Duke et. al (2009) Results
each ACE is significantly associated with interpersonal and self-directed violence
Parens Patriae
the “need” for the government to serve as a “guardian” for people and intervene especially when mentally unstable
Specific Deterrence
things that are intended to deter a specific person from committing a crime again (prison, fines)
General Deterrence
things that are intended to deter the general population from committing a crime
Legislative Exclusion
specified ages or charges are excluded from juvenile court
Judicial Waiver
a judge makes the decision in response to a petition
Prosecutorial Discretion
prosecutors allow to decide whether to file in juvenile court or criminal court
Kent v. US (1996)
Morris Kent was 16 at time of incident, rape charges carried death penalty, resulted in evaluation of case and recognizing emotional immaturity
Reverse Waiver
proving with evidence, an individual may be transferred from adult to juvenile court
Treatment Amenability
the ability to benefit from treatment is a key factor in the juvenile justice system
Decompression
a treatment philosophy/model that fosters gradual forward movement with physical and psychological safety
Callous/Unemotional Traits
numbness/inability to display emotion
Recidivism
the tendency to reoffend
Griswold v. Conn (1965)
legalized contraception, implied right to privacy in the constitution
Sex Offender Myths
1) sex offenders don’t change/cannot be treated
2) over 300,000 children are abducted by pedophiles in the US
3) most sexual assaults are committed by strangers
4) sex offenses are the most under-reported crime in the US
5) sex offenders tend to escalate in their behavior
Sex Offender Misconceptions
1) 80% of offenders recidivate
2) all child molestors are pedophiles
3) the “typical” child molestor is an adult male & stranger
4) only 2% of sex offenders serve time in jail
Caldwell & Caldwell “Age of Redemption”
juveniles adjudicated for non-sexual crimes possess the same likelihood of those who have perpetrated a sexual crime
Smith v. Doe (2003)
court ruled that sex offender registration and community notification are constitutional
Effectiveness of Sex Offender Registration
studies show that individuals registered as no less likely to recidivate, does not improve community safety or have a general nor specific deterrent effect
Kansas v. Hendricks
ruled that a “mental disorder” does not need to be a widely known or diagnosed disorder in order for it to recognized by professionals
Mental “abnormality”
an acquired congenital condition that affects cognition, emotion and/or motivation
Supermax Effects
loss of hope and often poor behavior due to harsh conditions (under extreme scrutiny by many)
Compression Effect
the spiral of someone acting out based on feeling some form of inequity of treatment, then receiving harsher conditions/punishment and it continues
Looping
a form of compression effect that is in specific regards to mental illness
MJTC Outcomes Study
Reduces violent recidivism by about 50%, zero recidivism for homicides, cost benefit ratio of 7 to 1 (130% return), treatment neutralized propensity for violence
