Quiz 3- Chapter: 9, 10, 11 Flashcards
Sharing electrons between atoms
Usually Gass with Gass
Covalent bond
Electrostatic forces that hold ions together, ex: NaCl
Usually Solids with gass
transfers electrons
Ionic bonds
Metal nuclei floating in a sea of electrons
Sharing & Transfers
Metallic bonds
Are electrons that are involved in bonding
Found in the incomplete, outermost, shell of an atom
Valence electrons
Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons
Octet rule
what ionic bond that also has a regular arrangement
Na+Cl-
note: that the ions are packed closely as possible
Ionic substances are often ________, ________, with a ______ melting point
Crystalline, Brittle, High Melting point
The energy required to separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions is called the
Lattice Energy
note: its a super strong force
we often encounter Cations with charges of __, __, __, in ____ ________ however, transition metals cant attain a ______ ____ conformation (>3 electrons beyond a noble gas core)
Charges of +1 +2 +3 in Ionic compounds
Cant attain a Noble Gas conformation
The majority of chemical substances do not have characteristics of _____ ________
Ionic Compounds
Formation of covalent bonds can be represented using symbol called ____ __ _____ or ____ _____
Called Lewis dot structures or Lewis structures
we usually show each electron pair shared(aka _____ _____) between atoms as a line and show unshared electron pairs(aka_____ _____) as dots
Ione pairs
nonbonding pairs
It is possible for more than one electrons to be shared between two atoms, this is called ______ ______
Multiple Bonding
One shared pair of Electrons between atoms is a _____ _____
Single Bond (ex: H2 = H:H or H—H)
Two shared pair of Electrons between atoms is a _____ _____
Double Bond (ex: O2 = O::O or O=O
Three shared pair of Electrons between atoms is a _____ _____
Triple Bond (ex: N2 = N:::N or N (put 3 lines) N
It Describes the sharing of electrons between two atoms or in a covalent bond
Bond Polarity
note: Electron pairs that are shared by two different atoms are usually unequally shared
_____ _____ ____ happens when a pair of electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
nonpolar covalent bond
_____ _____ ____ happens when a pair of electrons are unequally shared between two atoms.
Polar covalent Bond
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself is called ________________
Electronegativity
Electronegativity _________ across the period, and ______ down a group
Increases across and Decreases down
This occurs whenever there is a separation of positive and negative charges. It measure the polarity of a Polar bond within a molecule.
Dipole Moment
Dipole(u)
we indicate the polarity of molecules by marking the positive end ( or ____) in a polar bond maybe represented with a “__” and the negative with a “__”
or a Pole
“S+” being positive
“S-“ being negative
when charges are separated by a distance, a _____ is produced. This is a _________ measure of the magnitude of the ____ (_)
Dipole is produced
Quantitative number
Dipole(u)
Interactions of metals and nonmetals often yield _____ ______ .
Ionic compounds
When Ionic bonding is dominant, we expect compounds to exhibit properties associated with ___-____ ____ and ____ ______.
High-Melting Solids
Strong Electrolytes
Interactions of nonmetals with other nonmetals often yield compounds that are _____ _____.
Covenant Compounds
When Covalent bonding is dominant, we expect compounds to exhibit properties associated with _____ _____ and ____ ___
Low melting and boiling point
non-electrolyte behavior when dissolved in water
_________ _________ are attempts to represent a real structure that is a mix between several extreme possibility
Resonance Structures
Benzene belongs to an important category of organic molecules called
Aromatic Copounds
Most molecules have an even number of electrons and complete pairing of electrons occurs, although some molecules have an odd number of electrons
Example: ClO2, NO, and NO2
Molecules with less than octet are also relatively rare, most often encountered in compounds of _____ or _______.
Boron or Berllium
ex: BF3
Molecules and ions with more than an octect of electrons around the central atom are often called ________
Hypervalent
The distance between the nuclei of atoms involved in a bond is called the _____ _____
Bond Lentgh
Multiple Bonds are ______ & ______ than single bonds
Shorter
Stronger
The shape of a molecule is determined by its ______ _____
Bond Angle
In order to predict molecule shape, we assume that the valence electrons repel each other. Adopts the three-dimensional geometry that minimizes this repulsion. This is called _____- ____ _____- ______ ______
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion
VSEPR
A covalent bond forms between two atoms when a pair of electrons occupies the space between the atoms, this is a _____ _____ of electrons. Such a region is an ________ ______
Bonding Pair
Electron Domain
A _______ ____ or ____ ____ of electrons defines an electron domain located principally on one atom
nonbonding pair
Lone pair
_______ predicts that the best arrangement of electrons domains is the one that minimizes the repulsion among them.
VSEPR predicts that…
The arrangement of electrons domains about the central atom of an A B molecule is its _______-_____ ______
Electron-Domain Geometry
There are “#” different electron-domain geoetries
5
Two Electron Domains
Linear
Three Electron Domains
Trigonal Planar
Four Electron Domains
Tetrahedral
Five Electron Domains
Trigonal Bipyramidal
Six Electron Domains
Octahedral
The ______ ______ is the arrangement of the atoms in space
Molecular Geometry
Know the bond angles for
CH4
NH3
H2O
C≈109.5° has 4 sigma bonds and no lone pairs
N≈107° has 3 sigma bonds and one lone
H≈104° has 2 sigma bonds and two lone
Three Atoms (AB2) looks like _____ ,____
Linear
Bent
Four Atoms (AB3) looks like _____, ____, ____
Trigonal planar
Trigonal Pyramidal
T-Shaped
Five Atoms (AB4) looks like ____, ____, ____
Tetrahedral
Square Planar
Seesaw
Six Atoms (AB5) Looks like _____ ______, ______ _____
Trigonal bipyramidal
Square pyramidal
Seven Atoms (AB6) looks like ________
Octahedral
In a trigonal Bipyramid
The three electron pairs in the plane are called _____
The two electron pairs above and below the plane are called ___
Equatorial
Axial
In a trigonal Bipyramid
Axial Electron pairs are “#” apart and “#” to the equatorial electrons
180
90
In a trigonal Bipyramid
Equatorial are “#” degrees apart
120
In a Octahedron
The four electron pairs in the plane are at “#” to each other
The two Axial electron pairs are “#” apart and “#” to the electrons in the plan
90
180 and 90
When dealing with Lager Molecules
We assign ______ ______ & ______-______ about each interior (_____) atom separately
Molecular geometry & Electron-domain
center
For each bond in a polyatomic molecule, we can consider the _____ ____
Bond Dipole
Is it true that Dipole moment due only to the two atoms in the bond dipole?
True
The angle of F–Be–F is “#”
180 degress
We can solve the problem by allowing the 2s and one 2p orbital on Be to mix or form two new _____ _____ (a process called __________)
Hybrid Orbitals
Hybridization
The large lobes of the sp2 hybrids lie in a _____ _____
Trigonal Plane
Do we need to know the electron-domain geometry before we can assign hybridization?
Yes
______ ____ : Electron density lies on the axis between the nuclei.
All _____ Bonds are
Sigma Bonds
Single Bonds
_____ _____: Electron density lies above and below the plane of the nuclei
Pi Bonds
A Double bond has “#” Sigma and “#” Pi
1 and 1
A Triple Bond has “#” Sigma and “#” Pi
1 and 2
In benzene the three Pi bonds are __________
Delocalized
