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EP 4703: Neural Control Of Human Movement > Quiz 3 And Group Assignments 5-6 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 And Group Assignments 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

The largest and primary synaptic relay of the CNS

A

Thalamus

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2
Q

This tract conveys sensations of touch, temperature, pain, and pressure to the thalamus

A

The spinothalamic tract

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3
Q

Proprioceptors in the lower extremity send their signals to the cerebellum through this tract

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

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4
Q

Proprioceptors in the upper extremity send their signals to the cerebellum through this tract

A

Cuneocerebellar tract

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5
Q

This tract innervates the nuclei of the cranial nerves

A

Corticobulbar tract

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6
Q

This tract primarily innervates muscles that are involved in the control of posture

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

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7
Q

Examples of declarative memories

A

Facts and events

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8
Q

Examples of non declarative memories

A

Skills or habits

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9
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A

Ringing of a bell during dinner

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10
Q

Example of operant conditioning

A

Keeping a job and being rewarded with a paycheck

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11
Q

How many pieces of information can be stored in short term memory?

A

7 +/- 2

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12
Q

Is caused by chronic alcohol abuse or poor nutrition. When asked a question, the brain can’t remember the answer, thus the brain attempts to fill in the blanks with visual stimuli?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

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13
Q

What is the major problem behind the idea of disposable synapses?

A

It is uneconomical

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14
Q

Joint configuration

A

Inverse kinematics

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15
Q

Joint torques

A

Inverse dynamics

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16
Q

This theory of motor control can solve the movement-posture paradox

A

Equilibrium point hypothesis through the principle of reafference

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17
Q

3 challenges humans face in maintaining posture

A

High center of gravity
Multiple joints
Small support area

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18
Q

2 things that increase postural sway

A

Closing your eyes

Narrowing the base if support

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19
Q

The central controller finds a unique solution each time a problem emerges

A

Redundancy

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20
Q

The central controller facilitates groups of equally acceptable solutions rather than unique solutions to each movement problem

A

Abundancy

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21
Q

Standing in both feet does what to postural sway?

A

Decreases postural sway

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22
Q

Carries flexor reflexor afferent information from the upper extremities

A

Rostral spinocerebellar tract

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23
Q

Carries flexor reflexor information from the lower extremities

A

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

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24
Q

This descending pathway plays a large role in motor coordination and descends from the red nucleus

A

Rubrospinal tract

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25
Q

This theory of memory considers the mind and body to be two separate independent features

A

Dualism

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26
Q

The ascending pathway of brain structures in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

A

Medulla, thalamus, cerebral cortex

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27
Q

The largest synaptic relay in the CNS

A

Thalamus

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28
Q

What you ate for breakfast is what type of memory?

A

Declarative

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29
Q

This descending pathway plays a large role in the maintenance of posture and head position

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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30
Q

Learning to respond to smaller magnitudes of a stimulus

A

Sensitization

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31
Q

When one cannot remember what happened prior to an injury

A

Retrograde amnesia

32
Q

When one cannot remember what happens after a memory

A

Anterograde amnesia

33
Q

Selecting the correct muscles, muscular torque, activation patterns of muscles, etc

A

Inverse dynamics

34
Q

Selecting the correct joints, joint actions, sequence of joint actions, etc.

A

Inverse kinematics

35
Q

The hypothetical neural structure in the CNS that can generate patterned (rhythmical) activity

A

Central pattern generator

36
Q

What theory of locomotion does the central pattern generation support?

A

Motor programming

37
Q

Stimulation of this area of the CNS can produce rhythmic movements of the arms and legs similar to walking when stimulated?

A

Reticular formation

38
Q

The motor programming theory of locomotion lacks

A

Coordination

39
Q

The dynamic systems theory of gait lacks

A

Control

40
Q

How are humans born prematurely?

A

The nervous system is not fully developed at birth

41
Q

What is an APA?

A

Anticipatory postural adjustments

42
Q

When do APAs occur?

A

Prior to the perturbation

43
Q

Why do babies randomly move their arms and legs?

A

These movements precede the emergence of new functional patterns like walking and reaching

44
Q

Awareness of the position of the body segments in space and in relation to each other

A

Kinesthesia

45
Q

What is an efferent copy?

A

A copy of a voluntary motor command

46
Q

In general, what is the effect of aging on the neuromuscular system?

A

Everything declines

47
Q

What are some of the motor consequences of Down syndrome?

A

Similar to elderly movement patterns

Longer reaction and movement times
High safety margin in grip tasks
Irregular trajectories
High joint variability
Preference for co-activation patterns
48
Q

Parkinson’s is

A

Hypokinesthetic

49
Q

Huntingdon’s is

A

Hyperkinesthetic

50
Q

The most common muscular dystrophy in children

A

Duchenne dystrophy

51
Q

Most common muscular dystrophy in adolescents

A

Becker dystrophy

52
Q

Most common adult form of muscular dystrophy

A

Myotonic dystrophy

53
Q

Symptoms include being late to walk, waddling, unsteady gait.

A

Duchenne dystrophy

54
Q

Appears at adolescence

Slower progression, longer life expectancy

A

Becker dystrophy

55
Q

Commonly in finger and facial muscles
High stepping, drop foot
Long face, drooping eyelids

A

Myotonic dystrophy

56
Q

What neurological effects does diabetes have?

A

Peripheral sensory neuropathy
Peripheral motor neuropathy
Loss of autonomic nerve function
Atrophy of peripheral tissues

57
Q

Diabetes can have these neurological consequences

A

Loss of balance and coordination

Increases probability of falls, fractures, bruises, etc.

58
Q

Earliest symptoms include twitching, cramping, muscle stiffness, muscle weakness, slurred and nasal speech, difficulty chewing and swallowing

A

ALS

59
Q

Increasing problems with moving, swallowing, and speaking and forming words

A

ALS

60
Q

Difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

61
Q

Difficulty speaking

A

Dysarthria

62
Q

Spasticity and hypereflexia are seen in

A

ALS

63
Q

ALS is

A

Hyperkinesthetic

64
Q

Demyelination of axons in CNS

A

Multiple sclerosis

65
Q

Dystonia is

A

Hyperkinesthetic

66
Q

Shuffling gait seen in

A

Parkinson’s

67
Q

Single joint movements in Parkinson’s are

A

Slow
Have high variability
Sensitive to accuracy

68
Q

Multijoint Parkinson’s movements

A 
Impaired interjoint coordination 
Less smooth
High variability
Sensitive to accuracy
Impaired interaction torque compensation
69
Q

Atrophy of caudate nucleus

A

Huntingdon’s

70
Q

Generalized, irregular, restless, often pseudo purposive movements (fidgeting hand movements, dancelike gait, clumsiness, slurry speech, etc)
Involves all part of body

A

Huntingdon’s chorea

71
Q

Partial loss of voluntary control of muscle activity

A

Paresis

72
Q

Total loss of voluntary motor control

A

Plegia

73
Q

Involves two extremities - arms or legs

A

Para

74
Q

Half of body (left or right) is involved

A

Hemi

75
Q

All four extremities are invoked

A

Quadri

76
Q

Positive signs of hyperreflexia

A

Spastic

77
Q

Negative signs of spasticity (areflexia)

A

Flaccid

EP 4703: Neural Control Of Human Movement (4 decks)

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