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Physiology Quiz Helpo > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Small Molecule NT

A

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine,
Serotonin (5-HT), Histamine, Glycine, GABA, Glutamate, Nitric Oxide (NO).

Fast acting and acute responses

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2
Q

Large Molecule NT

A

LH, ACTH, GH, vasopressin, oxytocin, angiotensin
II, substance P

More potent, slower, and more prolonged

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3
Q

Metabotropic Receptors:

A

G-protein coupled receptors

GPCR

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4
Q

Ionotropic Receptors:

A

Regulate Ion Channels

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5
Q

• Opening Na+ channels
• Closing K+ and/or Cl-
channels

A

EPSPs

Excitatory

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6
Q

Inhibition
• Opening Cl- channels
• Increased K+ conductance

A

IPSPs

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7
Q

SPATIAL SUMMATION

A

Simultaneous EPSPs or IPSPs from

multiple pre-synaptic neurons

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8
Q

TEMPORAL SUMMATION

A

Successive EPSPs or IPSPs from a single presynaptic nerve terminal

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9
Q

What time of effect does GABA have on the post synaptic neuron?

A

inhibitory transmitter

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10
Q

What time of effect does Glutamate have on the post synaptic neuron?

A

Excitatory Transmitter

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11
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

Initiated by activation of nociceptors and leads to withdrawal of the affected limb away from the painful stimulus (ex. lifting up foot when you step on something sharp, opening mouth when you bite down on your tongue, etc.).

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12
Q

Pre-Synaptic Inhibition

A

Inhibition occurs due to increased Cl– conductance (reduces AP size) which decreases the Ca2+ entry and amount of excitatory NT released.

The Axo-axonal neuron decreases the amount of NT released by the excitatory neuron.

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13
Q

Pre-Synaptic Facilitation

A

Facilitation occurs due to increased AP time so there is increased Ca2+ entry and more NT is released.

More CA in the presynaptic terminal means more NT release from the excitatory neuron.

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14
Q

Same Stimulus with lesser amount of neuronal response. Prolonged Activation

A

Prolonged Activation

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15
Q 
▪ Hyperkalemia (up to 6 mM)
▪ Hypocalcemia 
▪ Alkalosis 
▪ Caffeine & theophylline 
▪ Up-regulation of receptors
A

Increased Excitability

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16
Q 
▪ Hyperkalemia (above 6 mM)
▪ Hypokalemia 
▪ Hypercalcemia 
▪ Acidosis (ex. Diabetic DKA) 
▪ Anesthetics (ex. Lidocaine) 
▪ Down-regulation of receptors 
▪ Hypoxia 
▪ Fatigue
A

Decrease excitability

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17
Q

Beta 2 receptor results in:

A

vasodialation and brochilodialation

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18
Q

When administering lidocane with EPI what happens?

A

the vasoconstriction causes neuonal uptake of lidocane

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19
Q

MonoAmine Oxidase (MAO) or
Catechol-O-Methyl Tr a n s f e r a s e
(COMT)

A

enzymes that break down NE

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20
Q

– Constrict smooth muscle
– Relax sphincters ‘
– Stimulate glandular secretions

A

Muscarinic receptors

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21
Q

– Constrict smooth muscle
– Relax sphincters ‘
– Stimulate glandular secretions

A

Muscarinic receptors

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22
Q

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the stomach (secretions and contraction), salivary glands (Gq: IP3, ­ IC Ca++)

A

M1

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23
Q

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the smooth muscle, myocardium, cardiac autorhythmic cells, CNS (Gi
protein,¯ cAMP)

A

M2

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24
Q

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the exocrine glands (ex. salivary), smooth muscle, endothelium, CNS (Gq: IP3,
­ IC Ca++)

A

M3

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25
Q

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the CNS, vagal nerve (Gi protein,¯ cAMP)

A

M4

26
Q

Which Muscarinic Receptor works in the sweat glands.

A

M5

27
Q

M2 relaxes

m3 constricts

A

PNS

28
Q

aplha 1 constricts

beta2 relaxes

A

SNS

29
Q

The dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract contains ____ _____ axons

A

Ascending sensory

30
Q

corticospinal tract contains _____ _____ axons.

A

descending motor

31
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, Temporal, occipital, and parietal

32
Q

Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex, Frontal

Prefrontal Cortex, Broca’s Area

A

Frontal area

33
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex, Primary Gustatory Cortex

A

Parietal

34
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Olfactory Cortex, Wernicke’s Area

A

Temporal

35
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

occipital lobe

36
Q

Includes the Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus, Subthalamic nucleus.

A

Basal nuclei associated with the cerebrum

37
Q

Hyperkinetic movement disorders (_____ ______) result from

damage to the indirect pathway.

A

Huntington Disease

38
Q 
Hypokinetic disorders (\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_) are due to damage to the
direct pathway.
A

Parkinson’s Disease

39
Q

Sensory relay for information for the cerebral cortex. Motor pathways also synapse here.

A

thalamus

40
Q

Involved in maintaining homeostasis. Impacts the autonomic, endocrine, and limbic systems.

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

Contains the pineal body (secretes melatonin) which aids in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

A

Epithalamus

42
Q

involved in the basal nuclei and control of voluntary movement.

A

subthalamus

43
Q

Limbic system

A

processing emotions and memory

44
Q

Areas most severely impacted are

the hippocampus and temporal lobes.

A

alzheimers

45
Q

______ is involved in cognitive functions, especially memory.

A

Acetylcholine

46
Q

Nucleus Basalis is associated with wut?

A

Cholinergic Projections in the CNS

47
Q

Raphe Nuclei is associate with wut?

A

Serotonergic Projections in the CNS

48
Q

ventral tegmental area, Nucleus accumbens, and substantia nigra are associated with wut?

A

Dopaminergic Projections in the CNS

49
Q

______ impacts all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention and arousal.

A

Norepinephrine

50
Q

locus coeruleus is associated with wut?

A

Noradrenergic Projections in the CNS

51
Q

The_______ cortex sets posture (ex.
position shoulder and arm) at the start of
planned movement . The Premotor area
determines the overall motor plan.

A

premotor cortex

52
Q

The _______ motor cortex (UMN) activates

specific muscles to execute the plan.

A

Primary

53
Q

Axons from neurons in the______ and_______ Motor Cortex make up the Corticospinal (Lateral and Ventral) and Corticobulbar Tracts.

A

Supplementary and Primary

54
Q

direct motor pathway

A

corticospinal tract

55
Q

in the medulla 90% of axons decussate over to the other side. What does this form??

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract of the spinal cord to distal muscles

56
Q

In the medulla 10% of axons do not decussate over. What do these form??

A

they form the Anterior Corticospinal Tract to proximal muscles.

57
Q

Both the Anterior Corticospinal Tract and the Lateral corticospinal tract synapse with __ ___ ___ ___>

A

Lower motor neuron

58
Q

Innervate LMN that control conscious
control over skeletal muscles that move
the eye, jaw, face and some muscles of
the neck and pharynx.

A

Corticobulbar Tract

59
Q

Functions as an accessory route for transmission of signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord. Fibers terminate on interneurons and motor neurons of the spinal cord involved in upper limb muscle tone and movement.

A

rubrospinal pathway

60
Q

control antigravity muscles (proximal limb extensors and head/neck muscles) to maintain balance and muscle tone.

A

Vestibulospinal Pathway

Controls muscles on the same side of the body.

Physiology Quiz Helpo (1 decks)

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