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Human Nature quiz 3 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

According to David Hull, does biology support the notion of human nature?

A

No

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2
Q

Why does David Hull not believe in an essence of Human Nature?

A

There are no human traits that are universal. For those traits that are universal, they’re not unique to us

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3
Q

What is an essential component of a biological species?

A

Variability - change is the only true universal

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4
Q

What is the argument against Hull’s view?

A

The cluster theory of statistics. That is, traits cluster together over time within a single species to a point of statistical consistency - this should be taken as being significant

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5
Q

How does existentialism imply the existence of human nature?

A

We all share the ability to choose what we do with our circumstances

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6
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The widely accepted premise that our gene expressions are informed by environmental pressures

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7
Q

What is the nature/nurture debate?

A

To what extent do nature and nurture have an influence over us? Which one is more dominant?

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8
Q

Why is the nature/nurture debate pointless?

A

Causes that interact and rely on one another cannot be parsed

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9
Q

What is the bucket model?

A

An illustration that shows the futility of the nature/nurture debate

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10
Q

Why does this nature/nurture debate persist?

A

Thinkers from different fields hold different associations to the language we use to describe it

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11
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The characteristics expressed by an organism

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12
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The entire set of an organisms’ genes

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13
Q

Who solved the blended inheritance problem?

A

Mendel - dominant/recessive genes

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14
Q

What is niche construction?

A

When an organism changes the environment to alter its selection pressures (Beaver dam, ant mount, etc)

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15
Q

What is the cultural drive hypothesis?

A

Our accomplishments derive from our ability to store and share information. Culture has given us intelligence, not the other way around.

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16
Q

What was found to make human’s unique in Laland’s alien scientist thought experiment?

A
  1. Cognition, communication
  2. Sharing/teaching
  3. Technology
  4. Population size
  5. Ecological Range
  6. Global environmental impact
17
Q

What is Morgan’s Canon?

A

We should never ascribe activity to a higher-order cognitive function when we can ascribe it to a lower order one.

18
Q

What is Shettleworth’s killjoy explanation?

A

The idea that human behaviour actually arising from simple mechanisms is often disappointing to us

19
Q

Philosophical enquiry into animal cognition falls into three categories:

A

Foundational, Methodological, Specific issues relating to a study

20
Q

What are the three main arguments for animal minds?

A
  1. Argument from analogy - humans have x, animals have x, therefore animals have minds because humans do as well
  2. Inference to the best explanation
  3. From evolutionary parsimony
21
Q

What is Fred Dretske’s minimal rationality?

A

Avoidance of pain is a form of evolutionarily driven reasoning faculty. Animals are functionally rational.

22
Q

What are some examples of animal culture?

A

Orcas and dolphins have unique hunting techniques relative to their pods
Elephants have unique migration routes and they also grieve
Chimps have cultural tool use

23
Q

What are the ontological implications of animal minds?

A

What do we mean by self-aware and conscious?

24
Q

What are some ethical implications of animal minds?

A

Should we be eating or testing on them?

25
Q

What is the Anthropocene?

A

The geological era of human beings and their drastic impact on the ecosystem.

26
Q

What are the three kinds of embodiment?

A

Mere - Modest - Profound

27
Q

What does Clark mean by profound embodiment?

A

Is able to use its body and all the world as tools for its problem-solving. Those tools become part of its embodied self, like a car or a phone.

28
Q

Explain the agent-world circuit

A

Because of neural plasticity, some great apes create a relationship with the world whereby the tool and the agent become linked. When I use a stick, me+stick = circuit of embodiment.

29
Q

Why does andy clark call us natural born cyborgs?

A

Because of neuro-plasticity that gives us the latent ability to incorporate any tool into our cognitive hardware

30
Q

What is an example of a soft-self?

A

Smartphone - any object we compartmentalise some of our cognitive load on to.

Human Nature quiz 3 (1 decks)

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