quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are three methods to obtain TDS?

A
  1. Evaporation/weighing
  2. Conductivity
  3. Ion Analysis
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2
Q

Methods to obtain TDS (explain, +/-) : evaporation/weighing

A
  • Place known volume of sample in pre-weighed container -> in oven at 105*C -> dry until constant weight achieved
  • Calculate mg/L TDS: (final weight - initial)/initial

+/-
+ cheap: standard lab equipment and man power
+ time saving: obtain values in a few hours
- volatile substances change form when heated, can confuse TDS with DO

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3
Q

Methods to obtain TDS (explain, +/-) : Conductivity

A
  • measure sample conductivity -> compare to NaCl standard -> report TDS as sample made up of NaCl

+/-
+ conductivity meters are cheap and easy to use
- values are approximate

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4
Q

Methods to obtain TDS (explain, +/-) : Ion analysis

A
  • analyze individual ions ($$$ICP to $ISE) -> each ion mg/L -> sum of all ions is TDS mg/L

+/-
+ thorough and very accurate
- time consuming and expensive

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5
Q

Ways to obtain ion concentrations relevant to TDS (5)

A
  1. titrations
  2. IC - ion chromatography
  3. AA - atomic absorption
  4. ICP - atomic emission
  5. ISE - potentiometric analysis
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6
Q

Obtain [ion] relevant to TDS (explain + example) : titrations

A

What.

  • A solution of known concentration is reacted with a solution of unknown concentration to an end point.
  • Since reaction is stoichiometric, titration information is used to determine unknown concentration.

Examples.

  • acid/base - p and m
  • redox - residual chlorine
  • precipitation - chloride
  • complex formation - EDTA
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7
Q

Obtain [ion] relevant to TDS (explain + example) : IC

A

What.

  • Use of an ion exchange column to analyze for anions, usually involve conductivity detector.
  • Can be used for all anions except for HCO3- and CO32-

Examples.
Cl-, SO42-

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8
Q

Obtain [ion] relevant to TDS (explain + example) : AA

A

What.

  • Light is directed through a sample and the attenuation of the intensity is used to determine unknown concentration after a calibration curve has been obtained.
  • One unknown at a time
  • Unknown must have a suitable lamp

Examples.
Na+, Ca2+, Zn, Cu

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9
Q

Obtain [ion] relevant to TDS (explain + example) : ICP

A

What.

  • atomic emission
  • sample causes light -> wavelength and intensity used to determine unknown identity and concentration after a calibration curve has been obtained.

Examples.
Most cations, just not NH4+

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10
Q

Obtain [ion] relevant to TDS (explain + example) : ISE

A

What.

  • potentiometric analysis
  • electrode is designed that measures the activity (ie. concentration) of a particular ion via a reaction at an anode or cathode
  • potential relative to reference electrode on calibration curve to obtain unknown concentration

Examples
chloride, ammonium

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11
Q

Equation for frequency

A

v = c/wavelength

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12
Q

photon energy equation

A

E = hv

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13
Q

Describe how molecules absorb different wavelengths (4)

A
  1. microwave: molecule rotates
  2. IR: molecules vibrate
  3. VIS: electronic excitation
  4. gamma: inner shell electrons excited
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14
Q

What is T

A

Transmittance

measurement of light that has passed through the sample

= I/Io

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15
Q

What is T%

A

T x 100

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16
Q

equation for absorbance

A

A = 2-log10%T

17
Q

Schematics for the different spec analysis (3)

A
  1. absorption
    light -> sample -> detector
  2. emission
    sample -> detector
  3. scattering

light -> sample ->
|
v
detector

18
Q

analyte

A

components of a sample that are being determined

19
Q

blank solution (def and use)

A

solution containing all analysis reagents and solvents, but no analyte.

takes into parameters of analysis that are being affected by outside factors that are not analyte -> equipment, matrix

20
Q

standard solution (def and use)

A

concentration of solute known with high reliability

used to plot calibration curve and solve for concentration of analyte in unknown

21
Q

advantages of ICP (4)

A
  1. obtain many elements in one analysis
  2. large linear range and low detection limit
  3. very few interferences
  4. can detect elements that resist decomposition during FAA
22
Q

What is linear range

A

Range of values where output signal is a direct, linear function of input signal - line of best fit follows a straight line

23
Q

detection limit

A

when a reading is below this limit -> absorbance signal is less than background noise

24
Q

intrapolation and extrapolation

A

Both involve drawing line of best fit to obtain non-measured values.

  • intrapolation: line between highest and lowest data points
  • extrapolation: line extends past highest and lowest data points
25
In IC, ______ are separated by ____ _________ and are detected by _______.
In IC, anions are separated ion exchange and are detected by conductivity.
26
Point of supressor
Solution has high conductivity -> which is a high background signal. Suppressor removes all ions except those being analyzed.
27
Why can't analyze for HCO3-, CO32- in IC
Suppressor removes background signal, they are the easiest anions to eliminate -> adjust pH and they are removed as CO2 (g)
28
2 Ways to analyze for each Fe3+, Cl-, Mg+, SO42-, Na+
``` Fe: colorimetry, FAA, ICP, ICP MS Cl: ISE, IC, silver nitrate titration Mg: EDTA titration, FAA, ICP, ICP MS SO4: scattering, IC Na: AA, ICP, ICP MS ```
29
Way to analyze each CO32-, HCO3-, Co+, Ni+, Sn+, NO2
``` CO3: p and m titration HCO: p and m titration Co: ICP Ni: ICP Sn: ICP NO2: IC ```
30
analytical technique used for anions, plus exception
IC, exception is HCO3 and CO3
31
analytical technique used for cations, plus exception
ICP, exception is NH4
32
Approaches to deal with water that is at risk for scaling (4)
1. Allow scale to build up and then manage Ex., Carbonate with acetic acid, silica with hydroflouric acid 2. Chemicals to prevent scale - when added they dissolve scale Ex., Crystal modifier, chelating agent 3. Remove ions before they precipitate Ex., LS (LS, WLS, HLS), IX, NF 4. Reverse water -> remove solids Ex., Get water (RO, evaporators), Get solid (boiler, cooling tower)
33
Difference between TDS and TSS
TDS - dissolved inorganic salts | TSS - precipitate
34
Cold lime softening
Softening completed at ambient temps to remove TDS as precipitate Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) -> 2CaCO3 (s) + 2 H20 (l) + Energy
35
How to remove permanent hardness (CaCl2)
Remove using soda ash (Na2CO3) and sodium aluminate (Na2Al2O4) to increase pH
36
Consideration needed when using slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)
Only use exact amount needed, otherwise contributing what want to remove
37
Warm lime softening
T: 120 - 140 F +: recover waste heat and convert to energy, decrease $ by reducing load on demineralizer, lower blowdown discharge for cooling systems
38
Hot lime softening
T: 227 - 240 F