Quiz 3 Flashcards
Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _____ glands
- exocrine
- endocrine
- ectocrine
- autocrine
exocrine
Cells located in the ____ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the ____.
- hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
- hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
- posterior pituitary; median eminence
- anterior pituitary; median eminence
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves
- four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
- short chains of amino acids
- long chains of amino acids
- modified tyrosine molecules
four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
As a result of his experiments with roosters, Berthold concluded that
- the testes secrete testosterone
- ) the testes release a masculinizing chemical into the blood
- hormones are important for homeostasis
- castration has different effects in birds than in mammals
the testes release a masculinizing chemical into the blood
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events in the regulation of gonadal steroid hormones in men?
- GnRH; anterior pituitary; release of androgens
- GnRH; anterior pituitary; gonads; release of androgens
- ) Anterior pituitary; GnRH; gonads; release of androgens
- Anterior pituitary; relase of androgens; gonads; GnRH
GnRH; anterior pituitary; gonads; release of androgens
The coolidge effect is the
- resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female
- resumption of sexual activity by a female animal when exposed to an attractive male
- spontaneous abortion of pregnancy by female mice exposed to the urine of a strange male
- synchronization of ovulation in many species of primates
- resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female
The enzyme 5-alpha-reductase is essential for the development of the
- gonads in both sexes
- wolffian ducts in males
- external genitalia in males
- testes in males
external genitalia in males
Which statement about CAH females is false?
- They have a fully developed mullerian duct system
- they are likely to be described as “tomboys” by their parents
- they may have a partially masculinized phallus
- none of the above; all are true
none of the above; all are true
Sry protein is produced in the
- ovaries
- testes
- indifferent gonads
- brain
b) testes
Which of the following about differences in sexual arousal in men and women is true?
- men and women show similar patterns of copulatory sequence
- masturbation rates are quite similar among adult men and women
- the human sexual response resembles a cycle rather than a linear series of events
- for women, desire is crucial for sexual initiation
for women, desire is crucial for sexual initiation
Development of masculine external genitalia is guaranteed by the presence of
- the XY chromosome pattern
- the wollfian duct system
- secretion of androgens
- none of the above
the XY chromosome pattern
Children with psychosocial dwarfism often show an almost complete lack of
- growth hormone
- corticosteroid
- stress
- epinephrine
-growth hormone
The complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult would include which of the following?
- testes, uterus, Fallopian tubes, labia, breasts
- tests, vas deferens, uterus, Fallopian tubes, breasts
- testes, labia, clitoris
- ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, labia, breasts
- testes, labia, clitoris
The external genitalia of a human female wiht CAH often have a masculine form at birth as
a result of overproduction of androgens by the fetal
- adrenal glands
- ovaries
- pituitary gland
- testes
adrenal glands
Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by
- entering the cell and providing a source of metabolic energy
- interacting with specific receptors located in the cell nucleus
- binding to DNA and altering gene expression
- binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface
binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface
The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves
- four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
- short chains of amino acids
- long chains of amino acids
- modified tyrosine molecules
short chains of amino acids
Gametes are unique reproductive cells that
- secrete mullerian-inhibiting substances
- contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
- carry half the genetic information of other cells of the body
- are formed by the union of an eff and a sperm during fertilization
- will eventually form the sex organs of the fetus
carry half the genetic information of other cells of the body
The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the
- gene Sry located on the Y chromosomes
- gene Sry located on the X chromosome
- secretion of androgens from the gonads
- secretiong of testosterone from the adrenals
- 21st pair of chromosomes
gene Sry located on the Y chromosomes
The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the male requires
- activation of the mullerian system by anti-mullerian hormone
- secretion of estradiol by the pituitary
- secretion of progesterone
- secretion of androgens
- secretion of progesterone
secretion of androgens
Which of the following would be considered a proceptive behavior in rats?
- lordosis
- intromission
- earl wigglings
- ear wiggling
- none of the above
ear wiggling
Cortisol released from the adrenal gland during stress has which of the following actions
- suppresses the immune system
- releases energy stores from muscle
- increases motivation
- all of the above
all of the above
A hormone
- comes only from special glands in the body such as the testes
- travels some distance greater than a synapse to effect a target organ
- is any substance that promotes genital development
- all of the above
travels some distance greater than a synapse to effect a target organ
Administration of a GnRH antagonist to human males is most likely to cause
- a loss of tactile sensitivity
- a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment
- a loss of erections during REM sleep, but no change in sex drive
- no change in sexual activity because the adrenals also secrete testosterone
- increased secretion of testosterone
a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment
Regulation of hormone secretion of testosterone and cortisol are
- inhibited by high levels of thyroxine
- controlled by negative feedback of hypothalamic releasing hormones
- stimulated by LH and FSH from the pituitary gland
- All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin?
- Oxytocin is released from the adrenal gland during orgasm
- Oxytocin relaxes smooth muscle
- Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female
- orgasm causes the rlease of Oxytocin only in females
- Oxctocin release is controlled by the anterior pituitary
Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female
Peptide hormones are secreted from the ____, while many steroid hormones are secreted by the _____
- hypothalamus; gonads
- pituitary gland; liver
- pituitary gland; hypothalamus
- pituitary gland; testes
- A and D
A and D
Ovulation involves a surge in ___ which in turn ____
- estrogen; promotes the longevity of the uterine lining
- estrogen; disrupts the ovarian follicle
- leptin; promotes the loss of the uterine lining
- follicle-stimulation hormone; causes the release of luteinizing hormone
- luteinizing hormone; reptures the ovarian follicle and releases and ovum
luteinizing hormone; reptures the ovarian follicle and releases and ovum
The sexually dimorphic nucleus in the hypothalamus of rats is
- several times smaller in females than in males
- about 10% bigger in males than females
- undergos cell death in early development in males only
- develops during the first few weeks of gestation
- none of the above
several times smaller in females than in males
Based on the mechanism of action which of the following hormones would be expected to have the most long lasting effects on cellular function?
- GnrH
- LH
- CRF
- FSH
- cortisol
cortisol
The enzyme ____ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone
- tyrosine hydroxlase
- 5-alpha reductase
- seminal hydroxlase
- 3,4 galactase
- tryptophan hyrdroxlase
5-alpha reductase
The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by
- the Sry gene
- testosterone
- the X chromosome
- the Y chromosome
- no factor
no factor
The hormone which is primarily responsible for the normal differentiation of the male external genetalia is
- testosterone
- androstendione
- cortisol
- dihydrotestosterone
- none of the above
dihydrotestosterone
The adulthood psychological adjustment achieved by Bruce-Brenda- David, the male twin whose penis was ablated during a botched circumcision procedure at age 7 months, suggests that
- nature’s impulse is to create a female
- sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child
- regular injections of testosterone can shift sexual identity
- genetic type is less important than are social factors
- normal circumcision can alter sexual identity
sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child
According to the coolidge effect, a novel female
- elicits motor responses that are incompatible with intromission
- strengthens the sexual refractory period after ejaculation
- diminishes the sexual refractory period of the male after ejaculation
- fails to elicit sexual satiety
- reduces the circulating levels of testosterone in the male rat
diminishes the sexual refractory period of the male after ejaculation
The key effect of luteinizing hormone is to
- stimulate beard growth
- guide the implantation of the fertilized ovum
- impair the growth of ovarian follicles
- induce ovulation
- promote the growth of axillary hair
induce ovulation
A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner
- when her estrogen levels are lowest
- just prior to menstruation
- in the winter months
- just after a surge in testosterone from her adrenals
- at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest
at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest
Which of the following is true of the sex chromosomes?
- factors coded on the Y chromosome control the development of the male sex glands
- the Y chromosome contains the blueprints for the male fetus
- the sex chromosomes are the largest among the 23 pairs
- the mother donates her Y chromosome to form a female fetus
- the Y chromosome contains the blueprints for the female fetus
factors coded on the Y chromosome control the development of the male sex glands
A genetic defect that results in a lack of an androgen receptor would result in
- a true hermaphrodite
- a masculine external appearance in XX females
- a feminine appearance in XY females
- an XY male with undescended testes
- C and D
C and D
The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that
- activational effects are permanent
- organizational effects are permanent
- organizational effects only occur during adulthood
- activational effects are mediated by receptors, whereas organizational effects are due to temporary changes in neurotransmitter secretion
- organizational effects only occur in the brain
organizational effects are permanent
The growth of pubic and axillary hair is promoted by
- androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex
- leptin
- estrogens secreted from the adrenal cortex
- progesterone
- kisspeptin
androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex
The mullerian system structures are the precursors to the
- male internal sex organs
- ovaries
- female internal sex organs
- testes
- penis and scrotum
c) female internal sex organs
The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female
- requires the suppression of the mullerian system by anti-mullerian hormone
- requires secretion of estradiol by the pituitary
- is caused by secretion of progesterone
- requires no hormone
- requires secretion of androgens
requires no hormone
The primary differnece between peptide hormones and steroid hormones is
- teroid hormones are amino acids strings instead of carbon rings
- steroids are released fromthe pituitary gland
- steroids bind to introcellular receptors, peptide hormones to membrane receptors
- there are no differences
steroids bind to introcellular receptors, peptide hormones to membrane receptors
Acromegaly is due to excessive release of
- testosterone
- TSH
- growth hormone
- FSH
growth hormone
A person who is hypthyroid will often show signs of
- manic activity
- depression
- psychosis
- sleeplessness
b) depression
A person who suffers from androgen- insensitivity syndrome would be expected to
- show male external genitalia
- have ovaries
- secrete androgens
- lack female internal reproductive structures
- lack anti- mullerian hormone
lack female internal reproductive structures
Some masculinization of the brain is due to
- intracellular conversion of testosterone to to DHT by aromatase
- intracellular conversion of testosterone to estrogen by 5-alpha reductase
- testosterone induction of somatomedans produced by the liver
- intracellular effects of the sry protein induced by testosterone
- none of the above
intracellular effects of the sry protein induced by testosterone
An example of a secondary sex characteristic is
- ovary development
- a deep voice
- development of a clitoris
- development of a vagina
- formation of a penis
a deep voice
The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that
- proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate
- proceptivity is not subject to change during the estrous cycle
- loss of estrogen will reduce receptivity but not proceptivity
- receptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate
- androgens facilitate receptivity but not proceptivity
proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate
Twin studies indicate that
- there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as in females
- identical male twins are less likely to be concordant for homosexuality than are fraternal male twins
- a mlae child whose older twin sisters are heterosexual is more likely to be homosexual
- homosexual women are liekly to have homosexual male relatives
- early family environment is more important than genes for the development of homosexuality
there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as in females
What principle demonstrated by the findings that mechanical stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in animals whose spinal cord has been cut?
- sexual reflexes cannot occur without the brain
- the brain is not requires for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation
- sexual orientation is dependent on spinal mechanisms
- pathways from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are key to sexual behavior
- male sexual behavior can at times appear to be brainless
the brain is not requires for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
ACTH
Stimulates estrogen and testosterone
LH
Stimulates pituitary release of ACTH
CRF
Stimulates LD and FSH release
GnRH
Stimulates thyroxine release
TSH
Stimulates growth hormone
GRF
Stimulates sperm and egg development
FSH
Thyroid gland produces what hormone
thyroxine
Pancreas produces what hormone
insulin
Adrenal produces what hormone
cortisol
Testis produces what hormone
testosterone
Ovaries produce what hormone
estrogen
