Quiz 3 Flashcards
motivating operations
alters the current value of a stimulus as a reinforcer
alters the current frequency of all beer that has been reinforced
contingent vs. non contingent
a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be present
a reinforcer is presented at a particular irrespective of the proceeding behavior
adventitious reinforcement: behavior is accidentally strengthened by non-contingent reinforcement
“superstitious behavior”
preference assessments
caregiver interview direct observation single item paired (force choice) multiple choice with out replacement
pace procedure
clients exposed to 16 stimuli while observers measured approach
the stimuli most frequently approached were more valuable reinforcers
negative reinforcer for the punishing agents behavior
the behavior selected for treatment with punishment proceudres may produce some aversive stimuli for other people in the environment
the punishing agents implementing of punishment procedures may be negatively reinforced, if its procedures reduced the problem behavior and the aversive conditions created that behavior
undesirable modeling
the behavior of the individual delivering the punishment may be modeled by an observer or the individual whose behavior is being punished
following some undesirable behavior a kid is spanked by his parents. at school the kids friend does something the kid doesn’t like so he slaps him
abolishing operation
DECREASE in the reinforcing value of a stimulus
temporarily DECREASES the value of a reinforcer
has an ABATIVE effect on behavior
the behavior will DECREASE when that reinforcer is used
establishing operations
INCREASE in the reinforcing value of stimulus
temporarily INCREASES the value of a reinforcer
has an EVOCATIVE effect on behavior
behavior will INCREASE when you use that reinforcer
unconditioned MO’s
hot/cold water; air (breathe); sleep; hunger; thirst
becoming warmer: abolishes warmth as a reinforcer
becoming colder: abolishes cooling off as a reinforcer
drinking water: abolishes water as a reinforcer
breathing: abolishes oxygen as a reinforcer
sleeping: abolishes sleep as a reinforcer
conditioned MO’s
are learned
examples:
pressing play on portable CD player does work (CMO) increases the reinforcing value of obtaining batteries, gets batteries put in the CD CD player works (R+) putting in batteries in your CD player abolishes batteries as a reinforcer
motivating operation types
transitive
reflexive
surrogate
transitive
condition that makes the stimulus more valuable
a screw makes a screw-driver more important
reflexive
conditions/items that precode an aversive event
warner buzzer procedes to shock that lever presses stops the buzzer the level is never pressed
surrogate
stimulus paired with wan UMO can have the same value altering and behavior altering effects (becomes an MO)
a stimulus paired with the UMO of being too cold
1) increase reinforcement of warmth
2) evoke behavior that had been so reinforced, both more than would be appropriate for existing temperatures
side effects of punishment
emotional aggressive reactions escape and avoidance behavioral contrast undesirable modeling negative reinforcement for the punishing agent's behavior
emotional and agression reactions
when exposed to severe punishers it can lead to aggression, property destroying, crying, etc.
escape and avoidance
punishment may result in the develop of behaviors that lead to escape/avoidance of punishing condition/ the termination of a punishing consequence will be negatively reinforced
behavioral contrast
a change in one’s component of a multiple schedule that increases/decreases the rate of responding on the at component is accompanied by a change in the response, create in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule
pigeon pecking on 2 stimulus punished with shock. increase pecking on the other r+ doesn’t change
extinction
a procedure in which reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued; as a result, occurrences of that behavior decrease in the future
The environment is changed so that the problem behavior will no longer produce the maintaining consequences.
procedural and functional forms of extinctions
Applications of the procedural form of extinction are often ineffective
When the extinction procedure is matched to the behavioral function, the intervention is usually effective
effects of extinction
Gradual Decrease in Frequency and Amplitude Extinction Burst Spontaneous Recovery Resistance to extinction Establishing Operations
Gradual Decrease in Frequency and Amplitude
Extinction produces a gradual reduction in behavior
However, when reinforcement is removed abruptly, numerous unreinforced responses can follow
Often difficult for teachers and parents to apply because of the initial increase in frequency and magnitude and the gradual decrease in behavior
Extinction Burst
An immediate increase in the frequency of the response after the removal of the positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement.
“an increase in responding during any of the first three treatment sessions above that observed during all of the last five baseline sessions or all of baseline.” (Lerman, Iwata, & Wallace, 1999)
Spontaneous Recovery
The behavior that diminished during the extinction process recurs even though the behavior does not produce reinforcement
Short-lived and limited if the extinction procedure remains in effect.
Resistance to extinction
Continued responding during the extinction process.
Behavior that continues to occur during extinction is said to have better resistance to extinction than behavior that diminishes more quickly.
Establishing Operations
Resistance to extinction is greater when extinction is carried out under high motivation than under low.
side effects of extinction
Resisting extinction
Establishing Operations
Number and Quality reinforcement
Number of previous extinction trials
Number and Quality reinforcement
The number of times a behavior produces reinforcement may influence resistance to extinction.
A behavior with a long history of reinforcement may have more resistance to extinction than a behavior with a shorter history of reinforcement
Number of Previous extinction trials
Successive applications of conditioning and extinction may influence the resistance to extinction.
Response Effort
The effort required for a response apparently influences its resistance to extinction.
A response requiring great effort diminishes more quickly during extinction than a response requiring less effort.
