Quiz 3 Flashcards
Parameter
A value (average, percentage, etc.) calculated using all the data from a population.
Census
A survey of an entire population
Sample
A smaller subset of the entire population, ideally one that is fairly representative of the whole population.
Statistic
A value (average, percentage, etc.) calculated using the data from a sample.
Categorical vs. quantitative data
Categorical: able to be classified in to various categories.
Quantitate: numerical in nature, that can produce meaningful arithmetic calculations.
Sampling BIAS
Bias if every member of the population doesn’t have an equal likelihood of being in the sample.
Simple Random Sample
Random sample: each member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen.
Simple Random Sample: every member of the population AND any group of members as equal probability of being chosen.
Sampling variability
Natural and unavoidable variation of samples that takes place in random sampling.
Stratified sampling
A population is divided into a number of subgroups. Random samples are then taken from each subgroup with sample sizes proportional to the size of the subgroup in the population.
Quota sampling
Variation of stratified sampling, samples are collected in each subgroup until the desired quota is met.
Cluster sampling
Population divided into clusters, a cluster is selected to be the sample.
Systematic sampling
Every (nth) member of the population is selected to be in the sample.
Convenience sampling
Samples chosen by selected whoever is convenient.
Voluntary response sampling
Allowing the sample to volunteer
Voluntary response BIAS
When the sample is not representative of the population
Self-Interest BIAS
Bias that often occurs when the researchers have an interest in the outcome of the study.
Response BIAS
Bias occurs when the responder gives and inaccurate response for any reason
Perceived lack of anonymity BIAS
Bias occurs when the responder fears that giving an honest answer might negatively affect them
Loaded question BIAS
Bias occurs when the question wording influences the responses
Non-response BIAS
Bias occurs when people refusing to participate in a study can influence the validity of the outcome
Observational studies
Study based on observations OR measurements
Experiment
Study in which the effects of a TREATMENT are measured.
Confounding
Occurs when there are two potential variables that could have caused the outcome and it is not possible to determine what actually caused the result.
Control group
Control group does not receive the treatment in a study with a treatment group and control group.
Placebo effect
When the effectiveness of a treatment is influenced by the patient’s perception of how effective they think the treatment will be, so a result might be seen even if the treatment is ineffectual.
Double-blind study
Study in which those interacting with the participants don’t know who is the treatment group and who is the control group.
Population
The group the collected data for a study is intended to describe.
