Quiz 3

Question 1

Parameter

Answer 1

A value (average, percentage, etc.) calculated using all the data from a population.

Question 2

Census

Answer 2

A survey of an entire population

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

A smaller subset of the entire population, ideally one that is fairly representative of the whole population.

Question 4

Statistic

Answer 4

A value (average, percentage, etc.) calculated using the data from a sample.

Question 5

Categorical vs. quantitative data

Answer 5

Categorical: able to be classified in to various categories.

Quantitate: numerical in nature, that can produce meaningful arithmetic calculations.

Question 6

Sampling BIAS

Answer 6

Bias if every member of the population doesn’t have an equal likelihood of being in the sample.

Question 7

Simple Random Sample

Answer 7

Random sample: each member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen.

Simple Random Sample: every member of the population AND any group of members as equal probability of being chosen.

Question 8

Sampling variability

Answer 8

Natural and unavoidable variation of samples that takes place in random sampling.

Question 9

Stratified sampling

Answer 9

A population is divided into a number of subgroups. Random samples are then taken from each subgroup with sample sizes proportional to the size of the subgroup in the population.

Question 10

Quota sampling

Answer 10

Variation of stratified sampling, samples are collected in each subgroup until the desired quota is met.

Question 11

Cluster sampling

Answer 11

Population divided into clusters, a cluster is selected to be the sample.

Question 12

Systematic sampling

Answer 12

Every (nth) member of the population is selected to be in the sample.

Question 13

Convenience sampling

Answer 13

Samples chosen by selected whoever is convenient.

Question 14

Voluntary response sampling

Answer 14

Allowing the sample to volunteer

Question 15

Voluntary response BIAS

Answer 15

When the sample is not representative of the population

Question 16

Self-Interest BIAS

Answer 16

Bias that often occurs when the researchers have an interest in the outcome of the study.

Question 17

Response BIAS

Answer 17

Bias occurs when the responder gives and inaccurate response for any reason

Question 18

Perceived lack of anonymity BIAS

Answer 18

Bias occurs when the responder fears that giving an honest answer might negatively affect them

Question 19

Loaded question BIAS

Answer 19

Bias occurs when the question wording influences the responses

Question 20

Non-response BIAS

Answer 20

Bias occurs when people refusing to participate in a study can influence the validity of the outcome

Question 21

Observational studies

Answer 21

Study based on observations OR measurements

Question 22

Experiment

Answer 22

Study in which the effects of a TREATMENT are measured.

Question 23

Confounding

Answer 23

Occurs when there are two potential variables that could have caused the outcome and it is not possible to determine what actually caused the result.

Question 24

Control group

Answer 24

Control group does not receive the treatment in a study with a treatment group and control group.

Question 25

Placebo effect

Answer 25

When the effectiveness of a treatment is influenced by the patient’s perception of how effective they think the treatment will be, so a result might be seen even if the treatment is ineffectual.

Question 26

Double-blind study

Answer 26

Study in which those interacting with the participants don’t know who is the treatment group and who is the control group.

Question 27

Population

Answer 27

The group the collected data for a study is intended to describe.