Quiz 3 Flashcards
Rhetorical Model Norms
i. Permeable boundaries
ii. Activity
iii. Contextualized language
iv. Believable appearance
v. Tolerance
i. Rhetorical Public Sphere primary features:
i. Discourse based
ii. Critical norms, taking a universal reasonableness out of the picture, arguments are judged by how well they resonate with the population that is discussing the issue
iii. Intermediate Bracketing of discursive exchanges
Conditions for Public Sphere
i. The formation of public opinion
ii. All citizens have access
iii. Conference in unrestricted fashion
iv. Debate over the general rules governing relations
Public Sphere Def
a. Public Sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.
Heteronormativity:
used to describe the way in which those who fall outside of the basic female/male dichotomy of gender
Dialogue (Johannessen 1978)
- Genuine- real interest in stakeholder
- Accurate- is the information factual
- Empathic understanding-
- Unconditional positive regard- be collaborative
- Present-ness-
- Spirit of mutual equality- be engaging
- Supportive psychological climate
Dialogue and negotiating relationships (Kent & Taylor, 202)
- Mutuality
- Propinquity- proximity, to be close or near to something. Ready and able to engage stakeholders
- Empathy
- Risk- social media that is interactive is risky. Can damage reputation
- Commitment
Skills needed (Kent & Taylor 2002)
- Listening
- Empathy
- Context-sensitive view
- Finding common ground
- Long term rather than short term objectives
- Finding opposition groups and their views
- Ability to solicit breadth of views
• Ways partners can subvert the dialogic process?
o Through Manipulation, disconfirmation, or exclusion
• Just because an organization and its publics create dialogic communication structures does not mean they are behaving dialogically
• Dialogue does change the nature of the organization by placing emphasis on the relationship
o Gives stakeholders a chance to say positive or negative things
o Is not negative or positive
• Dialogue cannot do is make an organization behave morally or force organizations to respond to publics.
Media and dialogue with stakeholders
Measuring impact and efficacy of social media (Saxton & Waters, 2014)
Dynamic updating
Interactive applications and media sharing
Social networks
-#fans
-#userposts – stakeholder engagement
-Org responses to users
Social Media Statuses
- -information sharing (S->R)
- fundraising and sales
- events and promotion
- call to action dialogue
PR Measures (S&W)
- # fan comments = engagement
- # fan likes = positive affect of org/message
- # shares = degree of importance and stakeholder willingness to advocate for the organization
What social media messages matter? ALL OF THEM
- public prefers dialogue over information sharing
- lesson: build relationships, networks and communities - call-to-action messages generate engagement-comments
- information updates (S->R) generate more shares
- keep publics informed
Brixx and Dialogue Communication (The Morality of Organizational Representation)
Reputation and Representation
- Ethical and fulfilling relationships (Orgs must engage in community to do this)
- form of communication
- truth/falsehoods
- has moral underpinning (sincere)
- Empathy and fulfilling relationships are recognized after experiences
- Dia = two; both parties must come to a conversation with civil discourse and accept terms.
Old Model Vs New Model
The General public, employees and activists push back the organization and public discourse
From Comm Strategies to Comm Relationships
-Companies are engaging in Social Responsibility and the information is from sender to receiver to social media, the reputation and representation is nested in relationships
Public Sphere places
- Roman Forums
- Coffee houses
- Open Arenas
- Public Commons
- Town Hall meetings
Public Sphere Needs
- Literacy
- Accessibility
- Critical Journalism
- Separation from Institutions
- -> Foundations of civil society
5 Public Actors
- Lobbyists
- Advocates
- Experts
- Moral entrepreneurs
- Public Intellectuals
5 dialogic tenents:
- mutality
- empathy
- propinquity
- risk
- commitment
Characteristics of Dialogue:
Genuine Accurate Empathic understanding unconditional positive regard presentness spirit of mutual equality supportive psychological climate
Definitions of Dialogue and negotiating relationships
- Mutuality- recognition or organization-public relationships
- propinquity- temporality and spontaneity of interactions with publics
- empathy- the supportiveness and confirmation of public goals and interests
- risk- the willingness to interact with individuals and publics on their own terms
- commitment: the extent to which an organization gives itself over to dialogue, interpretation, and understanding in its interactions with publics
Empathy
empathy “sympathy”- characterized by supportiveness, a communal orientation and confirmation or acknowledgement of others
- important because practitioners can improve their communication by “walking in the shoes” of the publics
- the atmosphere of support and trust that must exist if dialogue is to succeed
3 D’s of civil society
Discussion
Debate
Deliberating
Social Media Messages
- Keep the public informed with information updates to generate more SHARES
- Public prefers dialogue over information sharing. Build relationship networks and communities
- Call to action generate public engagement
