Quiz 3 Flashcards
Maria has excellent study habits. She seems to know just what to review and how long to spend on each part of every course. Maria is applying what type of knowledge?
Conditional
Self/Regulatory/Conditional Knowledge
Knowing how to manage your learning, and knowing how and when to manage your procedural and declarative knowledge
Alec still remembers how to touch-type, even though it has been three years since he has practiced. What is the memory system most directly involved here?
Procedural
Declarative Knowledge
Knowing “what”, facts, generalities, rules, etc.
Procedural Knowledge
Knowing “how”, knowledge in action
A photographer shoots a flashbulb directly into your eyes. For the next few seconds, all you can see are big blue dots everywhere you look. What type of memory is most directly involved in this phenomenon?
Sensory
Megan tries to remember the address, 10 Anchor Street, by imagining a ten-dollar bill attached to the anchor of a ship. What is the memory strategy called that she is using?
elaborative rehearsal
You are given a math problem to solve. As you try to remember the formula involved, what memory system is being searched?
Long-term semantic
Long-term memory that is memory for meaning is called what?
Semantic
Mark can answer the physics problem because of patterns of knowledge stored in his long-term memory, which he did not intentionally try to learn. This situation involves Mark using what?
Implicit Memory
When we intentionally try to learn something new, we are involving what type of long-term memory?
Explicit Memory
Traditional views of concept learning suggest that we recognize examples of a concept by doing what?
Identifying defining features or attributes
Which one of the following behaviors is a defining attribute for the concept “bird”?
Growing Feathers
Noah counted the legs on a bug and came up with eight. He then decided the bug was an arachnid (spider) because an arachnid has eight legs. His decision was based upon what aspect of concept learning?
Defining attribute
When you mention “dogs,” both Bethany and Ashley would picture collies. In relation to the concept “dog,” what would the image of a collie be?
Prototype
Prototype
Best example or best representative of a category
Little Billy was accustomed to seeing Officer Sam O’Reilly walking around the block, but then one day he met Officer Sally Murdock. Billy gave her a suspicious look and said, “You can’t be an officer, you’re a lady.” Billy’s concept of a police officer was probably based on what?
Prototype
In order to understand the large amounts of information inherent in complex concepts, people must develop structures or patterns called____.
Schemas
Long-term memory for how to do things is referred to as what?
Procedural memory
Based on studies of context, in what location would a student be likely to perform best on an educational psychology test?
Educational psychology classroom
Ms. Gentry took her tenth-grade biology students to the Horticulture Garden. The students were able to observe and classify a wide variety of exotic plants. Why might the students in her class be likely to remember the names and characteristics of those plants?
Context
According to the levels of processing theory, what determines the length of time information is remembered?
How completely the initial learning was accomplished
What is an educational application designed to reduce the impact of the serial-position effect?
Break down the lesson into small parts that can be handled quite easily
Based on the serial-position effect, what group of letters of the alphabet should be the most difficult to remember for someone who is first learning the alphabet?
MNO
what is the basic purpose of mnemonic aids?
Make connections between the information to be memorized
What is the first step in peg-type mnemonics?
Make a random list of places, words, or facts
Dr. Beach used to be a typical ‘absent minded professor.’ However, she found that she could remember the things her husband asked her to pick up at the grocery store by imagining the items she needed placed on her desk, bookshelf, and file cabinet. What is the mnemonic device that she used?
The loci method
“I before E except after C” is an example of the use of what memory method?
Chain
Consuela is a fourth-grade student who is studying geography. Tomorrow, she has a quiz over the Great Lakes. She creates a mnemonic device, HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior), to help her remember the names of the lakes. What type of mnemonic device is she using?
Acronym
The use of imagery techniques of learning, such as the keyword method, seems most appropriate for what age group?
Late elementary school and older
Stacey is trying to learn the abbreviations and names for the chemical elements, such as Au (gold). He connects the Au with a mental picture of Auric Goldfinger, the villain in a James Bond novel. This is an example of using what learning strategy?
Keyword
Within the information processing perspective, what does learning declarative knowledge involve?
integrating new ideas with existing knowledge to create an understanding
What type of knowledge do experts have that involves an understanding of how to perform various cognitive activities?
Procedural
Knowing specific facts or knowing how to do something is called verbal information or _______ knowledge.
Declarative
Knowing how to apply rules to categorize objects and ideas is ____________ knowledge.
Procedural
Three stages in the development of an automated skill
Cognitive, associative, and autonomous
What is the emphasis of behavioral theories of learning?
Observable behavior
The principle of contiguity involves an association between . . .
Two events through pairing
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be
In a contiguous relationship
A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that brings about an unconditioned response. What will happen as a result repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?
conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response
In an experiment, an electric can opener is used to open a can, and no salivation by the subject is detected. After a number of pairings between the can opener’s operation and food, any time the can opener is used, the subject salivates. What is the conditioned response in this study?
salivation to the can opener
temper tantrums have finally driven his mother to her “wits’ end.” Ray’s mother resolves that she will ignore the tantrums no matter what. This plan is an example of . .
extention
The law of effect in Thorndike’s theory of learning is related to the concept of . . .
consequences
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior
According to Skinner, a consequence is defined as a reinforcer or a punisher depending on what?
increases or decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows
Mr. Lynch always uses his “mean” face to stop undesirable behavior in his first-period class. However, even though he looks at Tommy with his mean face each time Tommy talks out of turn, Tommy is talking out of turn more and more frequently. For Tommy, the mean face is apparently acting as what?
positive reinforcer
Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior exemplifies what?
negative reinforcement
You finally take out the garbage in order to get your father to stop pestering you. Your behavior is being influenced by what?
negative reinforcement
What is the essential difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
punishment decreases the behavior while negative reinforcement increases it
17-year-old Kelly receives a ticket for speeding. Her parents take away the privilege of using the car. Her parents are using what kind of consequence?
removal punishment
Mr. Smith uses a token economy system in his history class. Whenever Bill breaks a rule, he loses a “chip.” If the infraction is major, Bill loses several chips. This is an example of what kind of consequence?
removal punishment
Yancey turns on the water faucet to get a drink. What schedule of reinforcement typically prevails?
Continuous
Interval schedule
Length of time between reinforcers
Ratio schedule
reinforcement based on number of responses between reinforcers
Fixed- interval schedule
reinforcer after a set amount of time (weekly quiz)
Variable interval
reinforcer after varying lengths of time (pop quiz)
fixed- ratio
reinforcer after a set number of responses
variable-ratio
reinforcement after a varying number of responses (slot machienes)
Compared to the behavioristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?
Active
In the cognitive approach to learning, learning is dependent on what?
a great deal on individual perception
Cliff is good at solving math problems, but has difficulty solving problems in his computer class. His problem-solving ability in math represents what type of knowledge?
Domain-specific
A jogger is startled by the feeling of a moving object on his right side. It could have been a ferocious dog, but it turns out to be a newspaper page blown by the wind. What memory component was most directly involved?
Sensory
Bottom-Up Processing
Perceiving based on recognizing separate defining features and assembling them into a recognizable pattern
Top-Down Processing
Making sense of information by using context and what we already know about the situation
In bottom-up processing what are people looking for?
Recognizable features
What you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?
Working (info you’re focusing on in a given moment)
Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?
About 20 seconds
Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?
5-9
What is it that most directly affects our ability to conserve something in working memory?
Executive control processes
What is the basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy?
Reduce the amount of information to be stored in the working memory
Claire, a three-year-old, has difficulty remembering her street address. According to research on short-term memory use, what is a likely cause of Claire’s problem?
Both limited memory capacity and ineffective strategy use
Josh’s history teacher wants Josh to learn important events that occurred during the Civil War. What type of knowledge would be most directly involved in this learning?
Domain-Specific Declarative
Older cognitive views of learning emphasized the acquisition of knowledge, although newer approaches stress ___ of knowledge
Construction
The process of detecting a stimulus and assigning meaning to it is called
Perception
The resources required to process stimuli irrelevant to the task is called _______________.
Cognitive Load
