Quiz 3 Flashcards
Social Roles
Expected behaviors and attitudes that come with one’s position in society.
Role Transitions
Changes in roles due to changes in the individual or in his or her life circumstances.
Biological Clock
Patterns of change over adulthood in health and physical functioning.
Social Clock
Patterns of change over adulthood in social roles; time schedule of the normal sequence of adult life experiences.
Gender Roles
Actual behaviors and attitudes of men and women in a given culture during a given historical era.
Gender Stereotypes
Sets of shared beliefs or generalizations about how men and women in a society ought to behave.
Instrumental Qualities
Personal characteristics that have an active impact, such as being competitive, adventurous, and physically strong; stereotypical male qualities.
Communal Qualities
Personal characteristics that nurture and bring people together, such as being expressive and affectionate; stereotypical female qualities.
Learning-Schema Theory
Explanation of gender roles stating that children are taught to view the world and themselves through gender-polarized lenses that make artificial or exaggerated distinctions between what is masculine & what is feminine.
Social Role Theory
Explanation of gender roles based on children viewing the gender divisions around them and then modeling their behavior on those divisions.
Proximal Causes
Factors present in the immediate environment
Distal Causes
Factors that were present in the distant past.
Evolutionary Psychology
Field of psychology that explains human behavior in terms of genetic patterns that were useful in our primitive ancestors for survival and reproduction success.
Biosocial Perspective
Viewpoint that gender role bias is based on both biological differences and current social and cultural influences.
Transition to Adulthood
Period during which young people take on the social roles of early adulthood.
Emerging Adulthood
Period of transition from adolescence to young adulthood (approximately 18 to 25).
Cohabitation
Living together in an intimation partner without marriage.
Egalitarian Roles
Roles based on equality between genders.
Martial Selection Effection
Statistical effect in which healthier people are more apt to marry and stay married producing the appearance that marriage benefits health.
Marital Resources Effect
Explanation that married people have more financial and social resources; so have better mental and physical health.
Marital Crisis Effect
Explanation that married people have not been through the crises involved in divorce or widowhood and, as a result, have better mental and physical health.
Parental Imperative
Genetically programmed tendency for new parents to become more traditional in their gender roles.
Parental Investment Theory
In evolutionary psychology, the explanation that men and women evolved different behaviors and interests because the women have more invested in each child that the men.
Economics Exchange Theory
Explanation of gender roles stating that men and women form intimate partnerships based on an exchange of goods and services.
Crossover of Gender Roles
Hypothesized change in gender roles at midlife causing women to become masculine and men to become feminine.
Expansion of Gender Roles
Change in gender roles at midlife causing men and women to broaden their gender roles to include more attributes of the opposite gender.
Grandfamilies
Families formed when grandparents take the grandchildren into their home and care for them without the presence or assistance of their parents.
Caregiver Burden
Symptoms of decline in mental and physical health common among caregivers.
Social Timing
Pattern of when we occupy certain roles, how long we occupy them, and the order in which we move from one to another.
Social Relationships
Dynamic, recurrent patterns of interactions with other individuals
Attachment Theory
Bowlby’s theory that infants form strong affectional bonds with their caregivers that provide basic security and understanding of the world and serve as a foundation for later relationships.
Attachment
Strong affectional bond an infant forms with his or her caregivers.
Attachment Behaviors
Outward Expressions of attachment
Internal Working Model
In Bowlby’s attachment theory, the set of beliefs and assumptions a person has about the nature of all relationships based on specific experiences in childhood.
Attachment Orientation
Patterns of expectations, needs, and emotions one exhibits in interpersonal relationships that extend beyond the early attachment figures.
Caregiving Orientation
System that is activated in adults when they interact with infants and young children, causing them to respond to the appearance and behavior of younger members of the species (and often other species) by providing security, comfort, and protection.
Convoy
Ever-changing network of social relationships that surrounds each of us throughout our lives.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
According to Carstensen, the explanation that people emphasize more meaningful, emotionally satisfying social relationships as they become older because they are more aware of the end of life than younger people.
Mate Selection
Process of choosing a long-term partner for an intimate relationship.
Libido
Sexual Desire
Filter Theory
Theory that we select mates by using finer and finer filtering mechanisms.
Exchange Theory
Theory that we select mates by evaluating the assets we have to offer in a relationship and the assets the potential mates have to offer, and try to make the best deal.
Nuclear Families
Parents and their children
Extended Families
Grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins & other relatives beyond the nuclear family of parents and children.
Intergenerational Solidarity Theory
Extent to which family members of different generations are close to each other.
Grandmother Effect
Suggestion that the presence of grandmothers (especially maternal grandmothers) has ensured children’s survival through recorded history.
Friendship
Voluntary interpersonal relationship carried out within a social context.
Anthropomorphizing
Giving human thoughts, feelings and motivations to non-human animals and objects such as pets.
Career
Patterns and sequences of occupations or related roles held by people across their working lives and into retirement.
Life-Span/Life Space Theory
In vocational psychology, Super’s theory that careers develop in stages and cannot be studied in isolation from other aspects of a person’s life.
Vocational Interests
In vocational psychology, personal attitudes, competencies, and values a person has relating to his or her career; basis of Holland’s theory of career selection.
Occupational Gender Segregation
Separation of jobs into stereotypical male and female categories.
Job Expertise
High level of skill that results from years of experience at a certain job.
Ability/Expertise Trade-Off
Observation that as general ability declines with age, job expertise increases.
Career Recycling
In vocational psychology, the notion that people may go back and revisit earlier stages of career development.
Nontraditional Student
In college, a student who is older than 25.
Job Burnout
Job-related condition that is a combination of exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced effectiveness.
Work Engagement
Approach to work that is active, positive, and characterized by vigor, dedication and absorption.
Unemployment
State of being without a paid job when you are willing to work.
Job Loss
Having paid employment taken away from an individual.
Job Insecurity
Anticipation of job loss by currently employed workers.
Shift Work
Jobs with nonstandard work schedules, including evening shifts, night shifts, and rotating shifts.
Household Labor
Unpaid work done in the home for oneself and family that includes meal prep and cleanup, grocery shopping, laundry and housecleaning.
Retirement
Career stage in which an older worker leaves the full-time work force to pursue other interests, such as part-time work, volunteer work, or leisure interests.
Labor Force
Those who are officially working at paid jobs
Work-Related Value
In retirement decisions, the amount of salary, pension, and social security benefits a worker will receive later if he or she continues working; can be weighed against retirement-related value.
Retirement Related Value
In retirement decisions, the amount of personal wealth one has, plus social security and pension benefits, salary from part-time jobs, and health insurance benefits available if one retires, can be weighed against work-related value.
Feminization of Poverty
Term used to describe the trend that an increasingly larger proportion of people living in poverty are women.
Domestic Migration
Moving one’s residence from one county to another or to a different state within the US.
Bridge Job
Part-time job or less stressful full-time job usually taken after retirement
Phased Retirement
Situation in which an older person continues to work for an employer part time as a transition to retirement.
