Quiz 3

Question 1

Convergence

Answer 1

Process of democratization
Occurs when in a process in which a non-democratic country joins a preexisting democratic community
i.e. Spain, Portugal, and Greece

Question 2

Internationalized Domestic Politics

Answer 2

When a state runs its government according to its international policies

Question 3

Diffusion

Answer 3

Refers to the various interactions and inter-linkages between two structures, one being international context and the other one a single country that is situated in that context

Question 4

Democracy Promotion

Answer 4

Serves to contribute to the political liberalization of autocratic regimes and their subsequent democratization in specific recipient countries.

Recently there has been a backlash against this in the USA

Question 5

Idealist goals

Answer 5

Making and maintaining the world (as) a safe place for democracy

No selfish ends, no conquest

Question 6

Realist goals

Answer 6

Stem from security concerns

To make the world safe for the USA

Question 7

Democratic peace

Answer 7

Democracies are hesitant to engage in armed conflict with one another

Idea can be traced back to Kant

Question 8

Conditionality

Answer 8

The democracy promotion strategy of the EU
Imposing or threatening to impose sanctions or providing or promising to provide rewards in order to promote or protect democracy

Question 9

Authoritarian Restoration

Answer 9

Where authoritarian regimes are revived

Question 10

Transnational Advocacy networks

Answer 10

Alliances of social movement organizations, political parties, interest groups, non-governmental organizations, and representatives of governments from different countries, which act transnationally for the transformation of specific concerns and values (such as human rights, environmental protection, etc.).

Question 11

Global Civil Society

Answer 11

Refers to the community of transnational advocacy networks that operate beyond the national boundaries at a planetary level

A vehicle that spreads ethical norms and values across national boundaries and that acts as a deterrent for governments who might attempt to violate human rights and freedoms

Question 12

Election Rules

Answer 12

detail who and what are allowed to vote

Question 13

Electoral Systems

Answer 13

the method used to calculate the number of elected positions in government that individuals and parties are awarded after elections. In other words, it is the way that votes are translated into seats in parliament or in other areas of government (such as the presidency)

Question 14

Party System

Answer 14

Influence Voter Turnout
Regarded as central to effective electoral participation
Two Major Functions:
1) The mobilization of citizens to vote
2) the conversion of voters to the party cause

Question 15

Representativeness

Answer 15

The extent to which different groups and tendencies in society gain parliamentary representation in accordance with their numerical strength in the electorate

Question 16

Instututions

Answer 16

any structure or mechanism of social order governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community; may it be human or a specific animal one. Institutions are identified with a social purpose, transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern living behavior

Question 17

governability

Answer 17

the ability of the government to make decisions and have them approved by parliment

Question 18

electoral authoritarianism

Answer 18

regimes that present an illusion of multi-party democracy at the local and national levels while effectively stripping elections of efficacy

b/c the result is known in advance, elections can be held frequently.

I.E. Algeria: officials have been able, against all odds, to organise more than 12 polls during the civil strife that broke out when the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) was poised to win the 1991 and subsequently cancelled legislative elections

Question 19

Social Cleaveges

Answer 19

the division of voters into voting blocs

voters don’t come in predefined groups of pros and cons for or against a certain subject. Ballot analysis assumes that voters opt for a certain party, or decide for the solution or option that comes closest to their own position. Cleavage separates the voters into advocates and adversaries on a certain issue, or voting for a certain party

Question 20

Robust Democratizers

Answer 20

12

Question 21

Tenuous Democratizers

Answer 21

11

Question 22

Failed Democratizers

Answer 22

10

Question 23

Economic Development

Answer 23

9

Question 24

Ethnic Heterogeneity

Answer 24

everyone in the area or group has a similar ethnic background

Question 25

Captitalsim

Answer 25

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

alternatives appear discredited

emphasizes property rights while democracy emphasizes personal rights

produces inequality, which can both stimulate and hamper democratization

Question 26

Modernization

Answer 26

considered the decisive driver of democratization

favors democracy

works in favor of both the emergence and survival of democracy

Constitutes a whole bundle of intertwined processes, including productivity growth, urbanization, occupational specialization, etc.

Question 27

Kuznet’s Curve

Answer 27

Illustrates that inequality increases in the initial phase of the development process and only starts to decrease again once a critical average income is attained

Question 28

Logic of Collective Action

Answer 28

any action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective

Question 29

Politics of the Revolving Door

Answer 29

“Swinging door” between business and politics that can swing in both directions

This door represents the exchange of labor between the higher levels of government and business.

movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and the industries affected by the legislation and regulation

Question 30

Economic Voting

Answer 30

In liberal democracies, voters tend to rely on economic evaluations (rather than signs of competence) when deciding who to vote for

…. if a government is presiding over a declining economy, voters are more likely to to support the opposition

Plays a crucial part in the structural power of business

Governments are well advised to anticipate the logic of economic voting in their policy decisions

Question 31

Markets

Answer 31

Not some part of natural order of affairs that arise out of lack of political authority

w/o authority, including some form of judicial authority, or arbitration, markets are virtually inconceivable

The answer to a state’s need to create an institutional environment for private economic activity

Market capitalism enables citizens to be economically independent

Question 32

Redistribution

Answer 32

the process by which electoral districts are added, removed, or otherwise changed

a form of boundary delimitation that changes electoral district boundaries

required by law or constitution at least every decade in most representative democracy systems to prevent geographic malapportionment

Question 33

Contingent democrats

Answer 33

Business actors who can end up on either side of the struggle for democracy

Question 34

Washington Consensus

Answer 34

Consensus among the Washington-based international monetary institutions (World Bank, International Monetary Fund) and the Reagan administration to tie credits to conditions of ‘good governance’, which include abidance to structural re-adjustment programs (cutting back public spending and implementing de-regulation and privatization measures), enforcing rule of law, respecting civil rights and holding contested elections

A strategy to deal with economic tension

recognizes that voters may not support necessary reforms because of individual uncertainty about the payoffs from restructuring socialist, subsidized or protected economies

Question 35

Gender

Answer 35

Women may appear to be included in definitions of democracy but are often not included in practice

Focusing on the quality of democracy opens the door to the explicit inclusion of women

Women made substantial pains in representation in some countries, reaching 30 or 40% of a legislature

Many countries women still make up only a small my minority of legislators

Western countries do not necessarily lead the world in the representation of women

Question 36

Formal Representation

Answer 36

the legal right to participate

The institutional arrangements that precede and initiate representation.

has two dimensions:

authorization. .. The means by which a representative obtains his or her standing, status, position or office
accountability. .. The ability of constituents to punish their representative for failing to act in accordance with their wishes (e.g. voting an elected official out of office) or the responsiveness of the representative to the constituents.

Question 37

Descriptive Representation

Answer 37

the idea that elected representatives in democracies should represent not only the expressed preferences of their constituencies (or the nation as a whole) but also those of their descriptive characteristics that are politically relevant, such as geographical area of birth, occupation, ethnicity, or gender

an elected body should resemble a representative sample of the voters they are meant to represent concerning outward characteristics—a constituency of 50% women and 20% blacks, for example, should have 50% female and 20% black legislators.

Question 38

Globalization

Answer 38

process by which the economies, political regimes, cultures, security systems, and peoples of the different nations and regions of the world become more interlinked and interdependent

the boundaries that separate them become more permeable or they disappear altogether