Quiz 3 Flashcards
What is a Census?
Research in which information is obtained through responses from or information about all available members of an entire population.
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What are Elements in the context of a population?
The individual members of the population whose characteristics are to be measured.
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What is Nonprobability sampling?
A sampling method where elements are selected in a way that is not based on random selection.
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Define Availability sampling.
Elements are selected on the basis of convenience.
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What is Quota sampling?
A nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population.
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Define Purposive sampling.
A nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected for a purpose usually because of their unique position.
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What is Snowball sampling?
Sampling in which sample elements are selected as they are identified by successive informants or interviewees.
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What does Population refer to in research?
The entire set of individuals or entities to which study findings are to be generalized.
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What is Probability sampling?
A type of sampling based on random sampling.
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Define Simple random sampling.
Sampling in which every sample element is selected only on the basis of chance through a random process.
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What is Systematic sampling?
Sampling in which sample elements are selected from a list or from sequential files, with every nth element being selected after the first element is selected randomly within the first interval.
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Define Stratified sampling.
Sampling in which sample elements are selected separately from population strata that are identified in advance by the researcher.
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What is Cluster sampling?
Sampling in which elements are selected in two or more stages, with the first stage being the random selection of naturally occurring clusters and the last stage of being the random selection of elements within clusters.
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What is Random digit dialing?
The random dialing of numbers within designated phone prefixes by a machine, which creates a random sample for phone surveys.
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What is Random sampling?
Sampling that relies on a random, or chance, selection method so that every element of the sampling frame has a known probability of being selected.
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True or False: A representative sample has the same distribution of characteristics as the total population.
True.
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What distinguishes a representative sample from an unrepresentative sample?
A representative sample ‘looks like’ the population, while an unrepresentative sample has some characteristics overrepresented or underrepresented.
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Define Sample.
A subset of a population that is used to study the population as a whole.
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What is Sampling error?
Any difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of a population; the larger the sampling error, the less representative the sample.
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What is a Sampling frame?
A list of all elements or other units containing the elements in a population.
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What are Sampling units?
Units listed at each stage of a multistage sampling design.
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What is Systematic bias?
Overrepresentation or underrepresentation of some population characteristics in a sample resulting from the method used to select the sample; a sample shaped by systematic sampling error is a biased sample.
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What is association in the context of causal relationships?
A criterion for establishing a causal relationship between two variables; variation in one variable is related to variation in another variable.
What does time order refer to in causal relationships?
A criterion for establishing a causal relation; the variation in the presumed cause must occur before the variation in the presumed effect.
