quiz 3

Question 1

somatotype

Answer 1

classification of body types based on physique.
endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph

Question 2

ossification

Answer 2

when flexible cartilage is replaced by bone

Question 3

body mass

Answer 3

Body weight and body composition are terms frequently used to describe an individual’s body mass.

all components of weight

Question 4

biological age

Answer 4

generally provides a better method
for estimating maturity by providing information that may be compared with the individual’s age.

includes morphological age, dental age, sexual age (menarche), and skeletal age.

Question 5

chronological age

Answer 5

the age of an individual in relationship to standard calendar days.

-based on day, month, year that you were born

Question 6

secular trend

Answer 6

As a group, today’s population is taller and heavier and matures earlier than the population of generations past.
These observations are referred to as secular trend.

Question 7

anthropology

Answer 7

The study of the nature, distribution,
and significance of biological variation
in humans

Question 8

Anthropometry

Answer 8

The study of biological growth and
body measurement

Question 9

what is the age of viability?

Answer 9

7 months

Question 10

what period presents the greatest variation in human growth & development?

Answer 10

the prenatal period presents the greatest variation in human growth & development

Question 11

what is the order of prenatal growth events?

Answer 11

conception-germinal period-embryonic period-fetal period-

Question 12

what age is the female growth spurt?

Answer 12

10-13 years old

Question 13

what age is the male growth spurt?

Answer 13

12-15 years old

Question 14

what influences growth spurt?

Answer 14

genetics & hormones

Question 15

what are the different somatotypes?

Answer 15

endomorphy- soft & round in contour
mesomorphy- well defines muscularity & balanced body
ectomorphy- leanest body type

Question 16

do men or women have lower centers of gravity?

Answer 16

females have lower center of gravity resulting in better performance w balance
as well as wider hips

Question 17

what changes in males in the growth spurt?

Answer 17

wider shoulders
taller & heavier
gain in lean body weight
longer forearms & legs

Question 18

what is perhaps the most accurate estimate of physical maturity?

Answer 18

skeletal age

Question 19

what is the average birth height?

Answer 19

20 in

Question 20

what age is the fastest rate of growth?

Answer 20

first year of life
increase in height by 50%

Question 21

who reaches full height first, males or females?

Answer 21

females

Question 22

bone loss in women

Answer 22

• starts at 30 yrs old
• 25-30% lost by 70 yrs old

Question 23

bone loss in males

Answer 23

• starts at 50 yrs old
• 12-15% by 70 yrs old

Question 24

how many inches of height is lost between 35 & 75 years old?

Answer 24

1-2 inches

Question 25

how much does the body weight increase by 1 yr old?

Answer 25

it triples

Question 26

how much does the body weight increase by 10 yrs old?

Answer 26

50%

Question 27

how does body fat grow?

Answer 27

both in number (hyperplasia) & in size (hypertrophy)

Question 28

what produces growth hormones?

Answer 28

pituitary gland signaled by hypothalamus & produced GH (growth hormone) which stimulates adolescent growth spurt

1. puberty begins from increased levels of hormones (estrogen & androgen) enter blood due to signal in hypothalamus
2. those signals instruct pituitary to release GH & stimulate production of thyroxine & sex hormones (from gonads)
3. Together, GH and thyroxine contribute strongly to the tremendous gain in body size and the completion of skeletal maturation during puberty

Question 29

what is the body size relative to?

Answer 29

the head

Question 30

body composition

Answer 30

ratio of lean body mass to percent body fat

Question 31

what are the techniques for measuring body composition?

Answer 31

most accurate: underwater weighing

radiograph

we use biological impedance

can use body mass index (ratio of height to weight- not super accurate since it does’nt tell us what the weight is made up of)

Question 32

anorexia

Answer 32

low bmi but high body fat

Question 33

what are the three critical periods for development of obesity?

Answer 33

-the prenatal period
-4-6 years old
-adolescent (especially true for females)

Question 34

in adulthood are fat cells increased or just grown in size?

Answer 34

they are fixed in number, only growing in size except for cases of extreme obesity

Question 35

fiber types (at birth)

Answer 35

type 1 (slow-twitch/ aerobic) 50%
–fatigue resistant
type 2 (fast-twitch/ anaerobic) 25%
–fatigue quickly
transitional -25%
–will develop into 1 or 2 based off of training during adolescence

Question 36

maturity variations

Answer 36

biological clock
–early & late maturers (defined based off of chronological age. 20% difference from mean skeletal age variation)

-advantages & disadvantages
-disadvantages: treated older than are but appear older than are, slower ppl are bullied

Question 37

what are the implications for motor performance?

Answer 37

-body weight & length at birth in relationship to how fast they will learn to walk
-increase in % body fat results in decrease in locomotive performance
-somatotype affects strength performance activities (mesomorph & endomorph will do strength activities, ectomorph cant perform to same level)
-gender differences where females have better balance & males have narrow hips & wider shoulder & higher gravity can jump further)
-secular trends

Question 38

what is the definition of secular trends?

Answer 38

todays population is taller, heavier, & matures earlier than past generations

children have more body fat & are less active