quiz 3

Question 1

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 1

A diagrammatic reconstruction of evolutionary history of relationships

Question 2

Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses of the evolutionary
relationships of…

Answer 2

-All life forms
-Major evolutionary groups
-Small groups of closely related species
-Populations
-Genes

Question 3

Lineage

Answer 3

series of ancestor and descendant populations

Question 4

Taxon

Answer 4

any group designated with a name

Question 5

Clade

Answer 5

any taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor

Question 6

Paraphyletic

Answer 6

a group that does not include all the descendants of a common ancestor

Question 7

Polyphyletic

Answer 7

a group that does not include its common ancestor

Question 7

Monophyletic

Answer 7

containing an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor, and no other organisms (a clade)

Question 8

Splits represent events such as

Answer 8

-A speciation event (for a tree of species)
-A gene duplication or divergence event (for a tree of
genes)

Question 9

Nodes

Answer 9

indicate a splitting event

Question 10

Synapomorphies

Answer 10

shared derived traits

Question 11

Homologous features

Answer 11

-Shared by two or more species
-Inherited from a common ancestor

Question 12

Homoplasies

Answer 12

similar traits resulting from a process other than inheritance from a common ancestor

Question 13

Convergent evolution

Answer 13

when similar traits evolve independently in different lineages

Question 14

Evolutionary reversal

Answer 14

a character reverts from a derived state back to an ancestral state

Question 15

In-group

Answer 15

the group of organisms of primary interest

Question 16

Out-group

Answer 16

species or group known to be closely related to, but phylogenetically outside of, the group of interest.

Question 17

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 17

gives every species a unique name consisting of two parts: the genus to which it belongs, and the species name

Question 18

Species

Answer 18

groups of organisms that share genetic and morphological attributes and are reproductively isolated from other groups.

Question 19

Morphological Species Concept

Answer 19

A species comprises individuals that look alike, individuals that do not look alike are a different species

Question 20

Lineage Species Concept

Answer 20

Species as branches on the tree of life

Question 21

Biological species concept

Answer 21

The individuals live in the same area and breed
-Results in reproductive isolation: two groups of organisms can no longer exchange genes.

Question 22

Speciation

Answer 22

divergence of biological lineages and emergence of
reproductive isolation between lineages

Question 23

Reproductive isolation

Answer 23

-the loss of gene flow between populations
-the first step of the speciation process

Question 24

Dobzhansky–Muller model

Answer 24

A population is subdivided, and the groups evolve independently

Question 25

Genetic incompatibility….

Answer 25

between the two isolated populations will develop over time

Question 26

Allopatric speciation

Answer 26

when a population becomes separated by a physical or geographic barrier and diverges into two species

Question 27

Sister species

Answer 27

species that are each other’s closest relatives- exist on opposite sides of a geographic barrier

Question 28

Sympatric speciation

Answer 28

speciation without physical isolation

Question 29

Disruptive selection

Answer 29

Individuals with certain genotypes prefer distinct microhabitats where mating takes place

Question 30

Polyploidy

Answer 30

Genome duplication can lead to offspring that are reproductively isolated