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PSYC101 > QUIZ 3 > Flashcards

QUIZ 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Interocular Suppression

A

an image presented to one eye suppresses another image presented to the other eye

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2
Q

Mind Wandering

A

state of consciousness in which random (purposeless) flow of thoughts comes to mind

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3
Q

Default Mode Network (DMN)

A

activations of brain areas when people daydream

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4
Q

Freudian Slip

A

when an unconscious (typically suppressed, according to Freud) though is suddenly expressed at an inappropriate time or in an inappropriate social context

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5
Q

Modern Take on Freudian Slip

A

some reveal unconscious thoughts & desires but many cases are simply cases of misremembering, mis-retrieval, lapses, language mistakes

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6
Q

Priming

A

when the response to a stimulus is influence/facilitated by recent experience with that stimulus or related stimulus

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7
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

when stimuli are processed by sensory systems but do not reach consciousness, because of their short durations or subtlety

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8
Q

Stages of Sleep (5)

A
  1. dozing off
  2. light sleep
  3. deep sleep
  4. deeper sleep
  5. REM sleep
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9
Q

Freud’s View of Why We Dream

A

dream hold meaning (represent hidden wishes/anxiety), represent inappropriate thoughts

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10
Q

Activation Synthesis Model

A

brain imposes meaning on random neural activity, dreams produced when brain attempts to make sense of activation that occur randomly during sleep

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11
Q

What is the difference between the Freud’s theory and the Activation Synthesis Model?

A

In Freud’s theory, dreams begin with meaning, whereas in the activation-synthesis theory, dreams begin randomly, then meaning can be added

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12
Q

Types of Psychoactive Drugs (4)

A

Depressants, Stimulants, Narcotics, Hallucinogens

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13
Q

Expectancy Theory

A

alcohol effect can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

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14
Q

Alcohol Myopia Theory

A

alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situation

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15
Q

Depressants

A

reduce CNS activity, increase activity of neurotransmitter GABA (alcohol, king of depressants)

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16
Q

Stimulants

A

substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal & activity levels, increase levels of dopamine & norepinephrine in brain (caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine)

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17
Q

Narcotics

A

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain (heroin, morphine, codeine)

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18
Q

Hallucinogens

A

drugs that alter sensation & perception; often cause visual & auditory hallucinations (LSD, Ketamine)

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19
Q

Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome

A

when people emerge from a coma; their eyes open; have sleep/wake cycles; do not respond to external stimuli for more than a month; still activity in regions of brain stem; vegetative state

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20
Q

Minimally Conscious State

A

when people emerge from a coma; make deliberate movements (following object with eyes

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21
Q

Brain Death

A

irreversible loss of brain function; no brain activity

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22
Q

Locked-in Syndrome

A

full awareness but cannot demonstrate it (no voluntary muscles), not consciousness problem, problem with muscles

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23
Q

Encoding

A

transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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24
Q

Storage

A

maintaining information in memory over time

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25
Q

Retrieval

A

bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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26
Q

3 Ways of Encoding

A
  1. Visual Imagery Encoding
  2. Semantic Encoding
  3. Organizational Encoding
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27
Q

Visual Imagery Encoding

A

process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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28
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

process of actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory

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29
Q

Organizational Encoding

A

process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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30
Q

3 major stages of memory

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. short-term memory
  3. long-term memory
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31
Q

Sensory Memory

A

brief storage of sensory information, no capacity limit

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32
Q

Short-term Memory

A

storage that holds information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute, ~7 items (w/ rehearsal), ~4 items (visual), ~2 items (complex visual)

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33
Q

Long-term Memory

A

holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years, no capacity limit

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34
Q

Iconic Memory

A

sensory memory of visual information

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35
Q

Echoic Memory

A

sensory memory of auditory information

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36
Q

What is the purpose of Sensory Memory?

A

wide understanding in short period of time, process just enough to make sense of it then move on

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37
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

the first and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle

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38
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Remember beginning of list better than middle

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39
Q

Recency Effect

A

Remember end of list better than middle

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40
Q

Rehearsal

A

process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it

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41
Q

Chunking

A

combining small piece of information into larger clusters/chunks that are more easily held in STM

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42
Q

Working Memory

A

short term memory storage that actively maintains and manipulates information

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43
Q

What did Patient HM teach us?

A

patient HM (hippocampus removed) was unable to store long-term memories (working memory fine)

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44
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to encode new information from the short-term storage into the long-term storage

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45
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

inability to retrieve information acquired before a particular date (usually date of injury or surgery)

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46
Q

Long-term Potentiation

A

communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

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47
Q

Describe “use it or lose it”

A

repeated stimulation (studying, practicing, revising, reviewing) strengthen synaptic connections over time

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48
Q

Consolidation

A

stabilizes newly acquired memories (strengthens a new memory trace after initial acquisition)

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49
Q

Reconsolidation

A

re-stabilizes re-activated (retrieved, established memories)

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50
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

information associated with stored information helps bring it to mind

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51
Q

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

A

matching encoding and retrieval contexts improves recall

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52
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

matching the encoding contexts of information at recall helps the retrieval of memories (context-dependent memory)

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53
Q

State-dependent Memory

A

information is better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

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54
Q

3 consequences of retrieval

A
  1. Retrieval-induced Forgetting
  2. Retrieval-induced Enhancement
  3. Retrieval Interference
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55
Q

Retrieval-induced Forgetting

A

retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs or interfere with subsequent recall of related items

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56
Q

Explicit Memory

A

consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences (”when is Christmas Day?”)

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57
Q

Implicit Memory

A

influence of past experiences on later behaviour even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

58
Q

Episodic Memory

A

explicit memory, past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

59
Q

Semantic Memory

A

explicit memory, facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

60
Q

Procedural Memory

A

implicit memory, gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or “knowing how” to do things (motor skills)

61
Q

Priming

A

implicit, enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

62
Q

Perceptual Priming

A

sensory features (goat → boat)

63
Q

Conceptual Priming

A

meaning (seat → chair)

64
Q

7 sins of Memory

A
  1. Transience
  2. Absentmindedness
  3. Blocking
  4. Memory Misattribution
  5. Suggestibility
  6. Bias
  7. Persistence
65
Q

Transience (memory)

A

forgetting that occurs with the passage of time

66
Q

Absentmindedness

A

lapse in attention that results in memory failure (when attention is divided or distracted)

67
Q

Blocking

A

failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

68
Q

Memory Misattribution

A

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source (your memory is correct; your source memory is wrong)

69
Q

Suggestibility

A

tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections (in response to suggesting)

70
Q

Bias

A

present knowledge, beliefs, and feeling distort (or influence) recollection of previous experiences

71
Q

Persistence

A

intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

72
Q

Curve of Forgetting (transience)

A

Memory fades more quickly at first, then more slowly over time

73
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

74
Q

Proactive Interference

A

earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

75
Q

Infantile/Childhood Amnesia

A

most of us have few or no memories from the first few years of life

76
Q

Prospective Memory (absentmindedness)

A

remembering to do things in the future

77
Q

Source Memory

A

recall of when, where and how information was acquired

78
Q

False Recognition (Deja Vu)

A

feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

79
Q

Encoding Stage Factors (4)

A

Stress, Violence, Emotion, Arousal

80
Q

Storage Stage Factors

A

Time

81
Q

Retrieval Stage Factors

A

Expectation, Reconsolidation

82
Q

Consistency Bias

A

reconstructs the past to fit the present (ie. how good was your relationship with your parents 10 years ago)

83
Q

Egocentric Bias

A

tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

84
Q

Shallow Processing

A

encoding information on basic sensory levels (based on sound, structure or appearance of word)

85
Q

Deep Processing

A

encoding information semantically or through connection to existing memories and concepts (based on meaning associated with word, relating to personal, emotional experience) better memory storage and recall

86
Q

Learning

A

the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience (or practice)

87
Q

Habituation

A

general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

88
Q

Sensitization

A

presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

89
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

90
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

reflexive (automatic) reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

91
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

initially neutral; through conditioning, it produces a reliable response

92
Q

Conditioned Response

A

resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

93
Q

Associative Learning

A

linking certain events, behaviours, or stimuli together in the process of conditioning (bell sound + drooling)

94
Q

3 Principles for successful classical conditioning

A
  1. neutral stimulus should come before unconditioned stimulus
  2. neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus come very close together in time
  3. neutral stimulus must be paired repeatedly with unconditioned before conditioning takes place
95
Q

Second-order conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus is not used for another association between a new neutral stimulus and the conditioned response

96
Q

Acquisition

A

phase of classical condition when the CS and the US are presented together (learning conditioning, over time stronger association)

97
Q

Extinction

A

gradual elimination of a learned response when the US is no longer presented (only conditioned response presented)

98
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period (rebuild connection but not as strong)

99
Q

Generalization

A

CR is observed even though CS is slightly different from the original one used

100
Q

Discrimination

A

capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

101
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

the consequences of a behaviour determine whether the behaviour will be repeated in the future

102
Q

Operant Behaviour

A

behaviour that has some impact on the environment (skinners box → rat press lever for food)

103
Q

Reinforcer

A

any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

104
Q

Punisher

A

any stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

105
Q

Response

A

produces a certain consequence

106
Q

Consequence

A

serves to either increase (reinforcer) or decrease (punisher) the future probability of that response

107
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

stimulus presented, increases likelihood of behaviour

108
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Stimulus presented, decreases likeliness of behaviour

108
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

stimulus removed, increases likelihood of behaviour

109
Q

Negative Punishment

A

stimulus removed, decreases likeliness of behaviour

110
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

meet basic biological needs (ie. food, comfort, shelter. warmth)

111
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

associated with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning (ie. money, tokens, stickers, stamps, verbal appraisal

112
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

reinforces a behaviour each time it occurs, response rate slow, extinction rate fast

113
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

only some of the responses are followed by reinforcement,

114
Q

Response Rate

A

the rate at which you show the behaviour (how much you try)

115
Q

Extinction Rate

A

rate at which your behaviour dies out (how soon you give up)

116
Q

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

A

response rate medium, extinction rate medium

117
Q

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

A

Response rate fast, Extinction rate medium

118
Q

Variable Interval Reinforcement

A

Response rate fast, extinction rate slow

119
Q

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

A

Response rate fast, extinction rate slow (hard to distinguish b/c of unpredictability)

120
Q

Shaping

A

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

121
Q

Successive Approximation

A

a behaviour gets incrementally closer to the overall desired behaviour

122
Q

Superstitious Behaviour

A

rare or odd behaviours can be repeated if they are. accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding causal relationships

123
Q

Social-cognitive Learning

A

involves no immediate reward or punishment after you are exposed to new information

124
Q

Latent Learning

A

condition in which something is learned but is not shown as a behavioural change until sometime in the future

125
Q

Observational Learning (Modelling)

A

takes place by watching the actions of others

126
Q

Implicit Learning

A

learning that takes place largely without awareness of the learning process

127
Q

4 Basic Properties of Consciousness

A

intentionality, unity, selectivity, transience

128
Q

Intentionality

A

quality of being directed towards an object (although see a lot, only focus on small part of vision)

129
Q

Unity

A

resistance to division or the ability to integrate information from all the body’s senses into one coherent whole (reading book see words, feel gravity, but brain combines everything to give unified experience)

130
Q

Selectivity

A

capacity to include some objects but not others (dichotic listening, choose what you hear or cocktail party phenomenon)

131
Q

Transience

A

tendency to change (stream of consciousness, mind wander from right now to the next right now)

132
Q

3 Levels of Consciousness

A

minimal consciousness, full consciousness, self-consciousness

133
Q

Minimal Consciousness

A

low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour

134
Q

Full Consciousness

A

you know and are able to report your mental state

135
Q

Self-consciousness

A

distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

136
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

137
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

disorder which person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

138
Q

Somnambulism/sleepwalking:

A

occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep

139
Q

Narcolepsy

A

disorder which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of walking activities

140
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

experience of waking up unable to move and is sometimes associated with narcolepsy

141
Q

Night Terrors

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

PSYC101 (3 decks)

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