Quiz 3

Question 1

Name some traits that define hominins compared to chimpanzees

Answer 1

Bipedalism,
larger brain,
smaller teeth/canines,
not arboreal (as much),
anteriorly placed foramen magnum,
reduced sexual dimorphism

Question 2

-mya hominins lived exclusively in Africa

Answer 2

6-2

Question 3

Morphological traits that define homo sapiens

Answer 3

Chin,
larger globular brain,
gracile skeleton,
smaller face and teeth,
lack of prognathism/flat face

Question 4

Define the out of Africa theory

Answer 4

Homo sapiens emerged out of Africa prior to 50,000 ya and then that population spread to the rest of the world

Question 5

Define multiregionalism theory

Answer 5

Hominin population that already lived outside of africa after 1.8mya independently evolved into homo sapiens of today

Question 6

Serial founder effects occurred as

Answer 6

subsets of humans migrated across the world.

Question 7

With increasing distance from Africa, human genetic diversity **

Answer 7

declines.

Question 8

Evidence for earliest Homo sapiens = ____years ago, skull from Morocco.

Answer 8

300,000

Question 9

Define Eugenics

Answer 9

Study of hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding

Question 10

Explain how evidence from genetics refutes the concept of racial categories of humans.

Answer 10

More genetic diversity within races than between

Question 11

Define Structure Analysis

Answer 11

Researcher determines the number of genomes measured and the number of groups the computer will put them into. Can be misinterpreted by people who don’t understand that the number of groups is set by the researcher not the data itself.

Question 12

Define Cline

Answer 12

a gradual change in traits across geographic space with no beginning and no end (i.e. a gradient). Most human traits are distributed this way.

Question 13

• Neanderthals lived in Europe and Middle East only, ___years ago.

Answer 13

200,000-35,000

Question 14

• Genes that have been sequenced in Neanderthals and function:
  o MC1R (___).
  o FOXP2 (____).
  o TAS23R38 (____).

Answer 14

• Genes that have been sequenced in Neanderthals and function:
  o MC1R (hair, skin color).
  o FOXP2 (ability to speak).
  o TAS23R38 (bitter taste receptor).

Question 15

Why does Neanderthal DNA preserve well over time?

Answer 15

because they fossilized in cold, dry environments which are ideal conditions for DNA preservation.

Question 16

Denisovans discovered from…

Answer 16

sequencing DNA from small fossil fragments in a cave in Siberia.

Question 17

EPAS1 gene in modern Tibetan populations inherited from___ and confers adaptation to ___

Answer 17

inherited from Denisovans and confers adaptation to high altitude.

Question 18

TorF: Denisovans were a more widespread and genetically diverse population than Neanderthals, modern East Asian populations have two sets of Denisovan ancestors which means that two distinct populations of Denisovans admixed with ancestorial humans.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Define leaky replacement model

Answer 19

a revised model of Modern Human Origins which incorporates aspects of “Out of Africa” hypothesis (that Homo sapiens emerged 300K) with “Multiregionalism” (that Homo sapiens interbred with other hominins living at the time)

Question 20

Climate became more variable (colder than present) ___years ago, sea level was ___ than it is today.

Answer 20

Climate became more variable (colder than present) 55,000 years ago, sea level was lower than it is today.

Question 21

Humans first reached Australia ____ years ago

Answer 21

50,000-42,000 years ago

Question 22

Modern aborigines are ancestors of

Answer 22

first humans in Australia