Quiz 3

Question 1

translations between user and system

Answer 1

Interaction models

Question 2

physical characteristics of interaction

Answer 2

Ergonomics

Question 3

the nature of user/system dialog

Answer 3

Interaction styles

Question 4

social, organizational, motivational

Answer 4

Context

Question 5

*The System’s(computerized application) language we will refer to as the

Answer 5

Core language

Question 6

the User’s language refer to as the

Answer 6

Task language

Question 7

involves at least two participants: the user and the system

Answer 7

Interaction

Question 8

help us to understand what is going on in the interaction between user and system.

Answer 8

Interaction models

Question 9

Area of work understudy
defines an area of expertise and knowledge in some real-world activity.

Answer 9

domain

Question 10

How you go about doing it
are operations to manipulate the concepts of a domain.

Answer 10

Task

Question 11

What you want to achieve
is the desired output from a performed task

Answer 11

Goal

Question 12

is a specific action required to meet the goal

Answer 12

Intention

Question 13

Seven stages
user establishes the goal
formulates intention
specifies actions at interface
executes action
perceives system state
interprets system state
evaluates system state with respect to goal
concentrates on user’s view of the interface

Answer 13

Donald Norman’s model

Question 14

user’s formulation of actions allowed by the system
is the difference between the user’s formulation of the actions to reach the goal and the actions allowed by the system

Answer 14

Gulf of execution

Question 15

user’s expectation of changed system state actual presentation of this state
is the distance between the physical presentation of the system state and the expectation of the user

Answer 15

Gulf of evaluation

Question 16

extension of Norman…
their interaction framework has 4 parts
user
input
system
output

each has its own unique languageinteraction  translation between languages

problems in interaction = problems in translation

Answer 16

Abowd and beale framework

Question 17

user intentions  translated into actions at the interface  translated into alterations of system state  reflected in the output display  interpreted by the user

Answer 17

Abowd and beale’s model

Question 18

general framework for understanding interaction

not restricted to electronic computer systems
identifies all major components involved in interaction
allows comparative assessment of systems
an abstraction

Answer 18

Abowd and beale’s model

Question 19

is presented as a means to judge the overall usability of an entire interactive system

Answer 19

Interaction frame work

Question 20

Study of the physical characteristics of interaction

Also known as human factors – but this can also be used to mean much of HCI!
good at defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems

Answer 20

Ergonomics

Question 21

,*how the controls are designed, the physical environment in which the interaction takes place, and the layout and physical qualities of the screen.

Answer 21

Ergonomics

Question 22

• are organized so that those that are functionally related are placed together;

Answer 22

Functional controls

Question 23

are organized to reflect the order of their use in a typical interaction (this may be especially appropriate in domains where a particular task sequence is enforced, such as aviation);

Answer 23

Sequential Controls

Question 24

• are organized according to how frequently they are used, with the most commonly used controls being the most easily accessible.

Answer 24

Frequency controls

Question 25

traditional … dials and knobs now … screens and keypads

Answer 25

Industrial interface

Question 26

cheaper, more flexible,multiple representations,precise values not physically located,loss of context,complex interfaces

Answer 26

Glass interface

Question 27

direct manipulation user interactswith artificial world

Answer 27

Office

Question 28

indirect manipulation user interactswith real worldthrough interface

Answer 28

Industrial

Question 29

Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly function keys, single characters, short abbreviations, whole words, or a combination suitable for repetitive tasks better for expert users than novices offers direct access to system functionality command names/abbreviations should be meaningful

Answer 29

Command line interface

Question 30

was the first interactive dialog style to be commonly used and, in spite of the availability of menu-driven interfaces, it is still widely used.

Answer 30

Command line interface

Question 31

is the only way of communicating with the system, especially for remote access using telnet

Answer 31

Command line interface

Question 32

Set of options displayed on the screen Options visible less recall - easier to use rely on recognition so names should be meaningful Selection by: numbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse combination (e.g. mouse plus accelerators) Often options hierarchically grouped sensible grouping is needed Restricted form of full WIMP system

Answer 32

Menus

Question 33

Familiar to user speech recognition or typed natural language Problems vague ambiguous hard to do well! Solutions try to understand a subset pick on key words

Answer 33

Natural language

Question 34

user led through interaction via series of questions suitable for novice users but restricted functionality often used in information systems

Answer 34

Question/answer interfaces

Question 35

used to retrieve information from database requires understanding of database structure and language syntax, hence requires some expertise

Answer 35

Query languages

Question 36

Primarily for data entry or data retrieval Screen like paper form. Data put in relevant place Requires good design obvious correctionfacilities

Answer 36

Form-fills

Question 37

followed by Lotus 1-2-3MS Excel most common today sophisticated variation of form-filling. grid of cells contain a value or a formula formula can involve values of other cells e.g. sum of all cells in this column user can enter and alter data spreadsheet maintains consistency

Answer 37

Spreadsheets

Question 38

default style for majority of interactive computer systems, especially PCs and desktop machines

Answer 38

WIMP interface

Question 39

used in .. multimedia web browsers hypertext just click something! icons, text links or location on map minimal typing

Answer 39

Point and interfaces

Question 40

has been popularized by world wide web pages, which incorporate all the above types of point-and-click navigation: highlighted words, maps and iconic buttons

Answer 40

Point and click style

Question 41

virtual reality ‘ordinary’ window systems highlighting visual affordance indiscriminate usejust confusing

Answer 41

Three dimensional interface

Question 42

use for extra virtual space light and occlusion give depth distance effects

Answer 42

3d workspaces

Question 43

Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent can contain text or graphics can be moved or resized can overlap and obscure each other, or can be laid out next to one another (tiled)

Answer 43

Windows

Question 44

allow the user to move the contents of the window up and down or from side to side

Answer 44

Scrollbar

Question 45

describe the name of the window

Answer 45

Title bar

Question 46

small picture or image represents some object in the interface often a wi

Answer 46

Icon

Question 47

important component WIMP style relies on pointing and selecting things uses mouse, trackpad, joystick, trackball, cursor keys or keyboard shortcuts wide variety of graphical images

Answer 47

Pointers

Question 48

- mouse hold and drag down menu

Answer 48

Pulldown menu

Question 49

- mouse click reveals menu

Answer 49

Drop down menu

Question 50

mouse just moves over bar!

Answer 50

Fall down menu

Question 51

appears where you are

Answer 51

Contextual menu

Question 52

• actions for selected object

Answer 52

Pop up menu

Question 53

arranged in a circle •easier to select item (larger target area) •quicker (same distance to any option) …  but not widely used!

Answer 53

Pie menus

Question 54

hierarchical menu structure menu selection opens new menu and so in ad infinitum

Answer 54

Cascading menu

Question 55

key combinations - same effect as menu item two kinds active when menu open – usually first letter active when menu closed – usually Ctrl + letter usually different !!!

Answer 55

Keyboard accelerators

Question 56

should be ordered in the menu according to importance and frequency of use, and opposite functionalities (such as ‘save’ and ‘delete’) should be kept apart to prevent accidental selection of the wrong function, with potentially disastrous consequences.

Answer 56

Menu items

Question 57

individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected to invoke an action

Answer 57

Buttons

Question 58

set of mutually exclusive choices

Answer 58

Radio buttons

Question 59

set of non-exclusive choices

Answer 59

Check boxes

Question 60

long lines of icons fast access to common actions often customizable:

Answer 60

Toolbar

Question 61

little windows of actions shown/hidden via menu option is usually a collection of icons that are reminiscent of the purpose of the various modes. .

Answer 61

Palette

Question 62

information windows that pop up to inform of an important event or request information.

Answer 62

Dialogue boxes

Question 63

is the defining feature of an interactive system.

Answer 63

Interactivity

Question 64

rapidly improving … … but still inaccurate

Answer 64

Speech driven interfaces

Question 65

come and won’t go away! good for errors, essential steps but use with care

Answer 65

Modal dialogue boxes

Question 66

Interaction affected by social and organizational context

Answer 66

Context

Question 67

desire to impress, competition, fear of failure

Answer 67

Other people

Question 68

fear, allegiance, ambition, self-satisfaction

Answer 68

Motivation

Question 69

cause frustration and lack of motivation

Answer 69

Inadequate systems

Question 70

not enough that people can use a system they must want to use it!

Answer 70

Home, entertainment, shopping

Question 71

flow (Csikszentimihalyi) balance between anxiety and boredom

Answer 71

Psychology of experience

Question 72

zone of proximal development things you can just do with help

Answer 72

Education

Question 73

is those things that you cannot quite do yourself, but you can do with some support, whether from teachers, fellow pupils, or electronic or physical materials.

Answer 73

Zone of proximal development

Question 74

ergonomic – minimum button size physical – high-voltage switches are big legal and safety – high cooker controls context and environment – easy to clean aesthetic – must look good economic – … and not cost too much!

Answer 74

Physical design

Question 75

constraints are contradictory … need trade-offs

Answer 75

Design tradeoffs

Question 76

do external physical aspects reflect logical effect

Answer 76

Fluidity

Question 77

yes/no buttons ‘joystick’ also left side control

Answer 77

Inverse actions

Question 78

one-shot buttons joystick some sliders good – large selection sets bad – hidden state

Answer 78

Spring back controls

Question 79

series of spring-back controls each cycle through some options –natural inverse back/forward twist for track movement pull and twist for volume – spring back – natural inverse for twist

Answer 79

Minidisk controller

Question 80

controls: logical relationship  ~ spatial grouping

Answer 80

Physical layout

Question 81

state evident inmechanical buttons rotary knobs reveal internal state and can be controlled by both user and machine

Answer 81

Compliant reaction

Question 82

people use something ONLY IF it has perceived value AND value exceeds exceptions (e.g. habit) value NOT necessarily personal gain or money

Answer 82

Managing value

Question 83

value helps me get my work done fun good for others cost download time money £, $, € learning effort

Answer 83

Weighing up value

Question 84

in economics Net Present Value: discount by (1+rate)years to wait in life people heavily discount future value and future cost hence resistance to learning need low barriersand high perceived present value

Answer 84

Discounted feature

Question 85

value for people who have the book helps you to look up things chapter and page number value for those who don’t … sort of online mini-encyclopaedia full paragraph of context

Answer 85

Hci book search

Question 86

tell people what to do! value = keep your job

Answer 86

Coercion

Question 87

explain corporate values establish support (e.g share options)

Answer 87

Enculturation

Question 88

design process so thatindividuals value  organisational value

Answer 88

Emergence