Quiz 3 Flashcards
translations between user and system
Interaction models
physical characteristics of interaction
Ergonomics
the nature of user/system dialog
Interaction styles
social, organizational, motivational
Context
*The System’s(computerized application) language we will refer to as the
Core language
the User’s language refer to as the
Task language
involves at least two participants: the user and the system
Interaction
help us to understand what is going on in the interaction between user and system.
Interaction models
Area of work understudy
defines an area of expertise and knowledge in some real-world activity.
domain
How you go about doing it
are operations to manipulate the concepts of a domain.
Task
What you want to achieve
is the desired output from a performed task
Goal
is a specific action required to meet the goal
Intention
Seven stages
user establishes the goal
formulates intention
specifies actions at interface
executes action
perceives system state
interprets system state
evaluates system state with respect to goal
concentrates on user’s view of the interface
Donald Norman’s model
user’s formulation of actions allowed by the system
is the difference between the user’s formulation of the actions to reach the goal and the actions allowed by the system
Gulf of execution
user’s expectation of changed system state actual presentation of this state
is the distance between the physical presentation of the system state and the expectation of the user
Gulf of evaluation
extension of Norman…
their interaction framework has 4 parts
user
input
system
output
each has its own unique languageinteraction translation between languages
problems in interaction = problems in translation
Abowd and beale framework
user intentions translated into actions at the interface translated into alterations of system state reflected in the output display interpreted by the user
Abowd and beale’s model
general framework for understanding interaction
not restricted to electronic computer systems
identifies all major components involved in interaction
allows comparative assessment of systems
an abstraction
Abowd and beale’s model
is presented as a means to judge the overall usability of an entire interactive system
Interaction frame work
Study of the physical characteristics of interaction
Also known as human factors – but this can also be used to mean much of HCI!
good at defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems
Ergonomics
,*how the controls are designed, the physical environment in which the interaction takes place, and the layout and physical qualities of the screen.
Ergonomics
- are organized so that those that are functionally related are placed together;
Functional controls
are organized to reflect the order of their use in a typical interaction (this may be especially appropriate in domains where a particular task sequence is enforced, such as aviation);
Sequential Controls
- are organized according to how frequently they are used, with the most commonly used controls being the most easily accessible.
Frequency controls
traditional … dials and knobs
now … screens and keypads
Industrial interface
cheaper, more flexible,multiple representations,precise values
not physically located,loss of context,complex interfaces
Glass interface
direct manipulation
user interactswith artificial world
Office
indirect manipulation
user interactswith real worldthrough interface
Industrial
Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly
function keys, single characters, short abbreviations, whole words, or a combination
suitable for repetitive tasks
better for expert users than novices
offers direct access to system functionality
command names/abbreviations should be meaningful
Command line interface
was the first interactive dialog style to be commonly used and, in spite of the availability of menu-driven interfaces, it is still widely used.
Command line interface
is the only way of communicating with the system, especially for remote access using telnet
Command line interface
Set of options displayed on the screen
Options visible
less recall - easier to use
rely on recognition so names should be meaningful
Selection by:
numbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse
combination (e.g. mouse plus accelerators)
Often options hierarchically grouped
sensible grouping is needed
Restricted form of full WIMP system
Menus
Familiar to user
speech recognition or typed natural language
Problems
vague
ambiguous
hard to do well!
Solutions
try to understand a subset
pick on key words
Natural language
user led through interaction via series of questions
suitable for novice users but restricted functionality
often used in information systems
Question/answer interfaces
used to retrieve information from database
requires understanding of database structure and language syntax, hence requires some expertise
Query languages
